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Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) models rely on a pretext task to learn representations. Because this pretext task differs from the downstream tasks used to evaluate the performance of these models, there is an inherent misalignment or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-12 Florian Bordes , Samuel Lavoie , Randall Balestriero , Nicolas Ballas , Pascal Vincent

Self-supervised learning (SSL) aims to find meaningful representations from unlabeled data by encoding semantic similarities through data augmentations. Despite its current popularity, theoretical insights about SSL are still scarce. For…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Maximilian Fleissner , Pascal Esser , Debarghya Ghoshdastidar

Self-supervised learning (SSL) aims to produce useful feature representations without access to any human-labeled data annotations. Due to the success of recent SSL methods based on contrastive learning, such as SimCLR, this problem has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-23 Kartik Gupta , Thalaiyasingam Ajanthan , Anton van den Hengel , Stephen Gould

Self-supervised learning (SSL) has achieved remarkable performance in various medical imaging tasks by dint of priors from massive unlabelled data. However, regarding a specific downstream task, there is still a lack of an instruction book…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Chuyan Zhang , Yun Gu

Self-supervised learning (SSL) has great potential for molecular representation learning given the complexity of molecular graphs, the large amounts of unlabelled data available, the considerable cost of obtaining labels experimentally, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Yuankai Luo , Lei Shi , Veronika Thost

Self-supervised learning (SSL) has made enormous progress and largely narrowed the gap with the supervised ones, where the representation learning is mainly guided by a projection into an embedding space. During the projection, current…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Lang Huang , Shan You , Mingkai Zheng , Fei Wang , Chen Qian , Toshihiko Yamasaki

Self-supervised learning (SSL) plays a central role in molecular representation learning. Yet, many recent innovations in masking-based pretraining are introduced as heuristics and lack principled evaluation, obscuring which design choices…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Jiannan Yang , Veronika Thost , Tengfei Ma

The self-supervised learning (SSL) paradigm is an essential exploration area, which tries to eliminate the need for expensive data labeling. Despite the great success of SSL methods in computer vision and natural language processing, most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-13 Piotr Bielak , Tomasz Kajdanowicz , Nitesh V. Chawla

Self-supervised learning (SSL) methods have achieved remarkable success in learning image representations allowing invariances in them - but therefore discarding transformation information that some computer vision tasks actually require.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Qin Wang , Alessio Quercia , Benjamin Bruns , Abigail Morrison , Hanno Scharr , Kai Krajsek

While contrastive learning is proven to be an effective training strategy in computer vision, Natural Language Processing (NLP) is only recently adopting it as a self-supervised alternative to Masked Language Modeling (MLM) for improving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-16 Hooman Sedghamiz , Shivam Raval , Enrico Santus , Tuka Alhanai , Mohammad Ghassemi

We propose a technique for declaratively specifying strategies for semi-supervised learning (SSL). The proposed method can be used to specify ensembles of semi-supervised learning, as well as agreement constraints and entropic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-21 Haitian Sun , William W. Cohen , Lidong Bing

Contrastive learning is among the most successful methods for visual representation learning, and its performance can be further improved by jointly performing clustering on the learned representations. However, existing methods for joint…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-16 Shunjie-Fabian Zheng , JaeEun Nam , Emilio Dorigatti , Bernd Bischl , Shekoofeh Azizi , Mina Rezaei

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) provide a promising framework for energy-efficient and biologically grounded computation; however, scalable learning in deep recurrent architectures with sparse connectivity remains a major challenge. In this…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Bo Tang , Weiwei Xie

Biological neural networks are equipped with an inherent capability to continuously adapt through online learning. This aspect remains in stark contrast to learning with error backpropagation through time (BPTT) applied to recurrent neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-09 Thomas Bohnstingl , Stanisław Woźniak , Wolfgang Maass , Angeliki Pantazi , Evangelos Eleftheriou

In Self-Supervised Learning (SSL), it is known that frequent occurrences of the collision in which target data and its negative samples share the same class can decrease performance. Especially in real-world data such as crawled data or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Won-Seok Choi , Dong-Sig Han , Hyundo Lee , Junseok Park , Byoung-Tak Zhang

Self-supervised learning (SSL) has rapidly emerged as a transformative approach in computer vision, enabling the extraction of rich feature representations from vast amounts of unlabeled data and reducing reliance on costly manual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Nikolaos Giakoumoglou , Tania Stathaki , Athanasios Gkelias

We present a simple picture of the training process of joint embedding self-supervised learning methods. We find that these methods learn their high-dimensional embeddings one dimension at a time in a sequence of discrete, well-separated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-31 James B. Simon , Maksis Knutins , Liu Ziyin , Daniel Geisz , Abraham J. Fetterman , Joshua Albrecht

Self-supervised learning has gained popularity because of its ability to avoid the cost of annotating large-scale datasets. It is capable of adopting self-defined pseudo labels as supervision and use the learned representations for several…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Ashish Jaiswal , Ashwin Ramesh Babu , Mohammad Zaki Zadeh , Debapriya Banerjee , Fillia Makedon

Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) enables us to pre-train foundation models without costly labeled data. Among SSL methods, Contrastive Learning (CL) methods are better at obtaining accurate semantic representations in noise interference.…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-06 Hengtong Shen , Haiyan Gu , Haitao Li , Yi Yang , Agen Qiu

This paper proposes a probabilistic contrastive loss function for self-supervised learning. The well-known contrastive loss is deterministic and involves a temperature hyperparameter that scales the inner product between two normed feature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-06 Shen Li , Jianqing Xu , Bryan Hooi