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Classical simulations of noisy quantum circuits are instrumental to our understanding of the behavior of real-world quantum systems and the identification of regimes where one expects quantum advantage. In this work, we present a highly…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-17 Simon Cichy , Paul K. Faehrmann , Lennart Bittel , Jens Eisert , Hakop Pashayan

This paper concerns the problem of checking if two shallow (i.e., constant-depth) quantum circuits perform equivalent computations. Equivalence checking is a fundamental correctness question -- needed, e.g., for ensuring that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-03 Nengkun Yu , Xuan Du Trinh , Thomas Reps

The rapid development of quantum computing has led to increasing interest in quantum algorithms for a variety of different applications. Quantum walks have also experienced a surge in interest due to their potential use in quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-26 Vivek Wadhia , Nicholas Chancellor , Viv Kendon

Quantum fidelity estimation is essential for benchmarking quantum states and processes on noisy quantum devices. While stabilizer operations form the foundation of fault-tolerant quantum computing, non-stabilizer resources further enable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-17 Zhiping Liu , Kun Wang , Xin Wang

Quantum error correction becomes a practical possibility only if the physical error rate is below a threshold value that depends on a particular quantum code, syndrome measurement circuit, and decoding algorithm. Here we present an…

Quantum computation provides great speedup over its classical counterpart for certain problems. One of the key challenges for quantum computation is to realize precise control of the quantum system in the presence of noise. Control of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-11-30 Xing Rong , Jianpei Geng , Fazhan Shi , Ying Liu , Kebiao Xu , Wenchao Ma , Fei Kong , Zhen Jiang , Yang Wu , Jiangfeng Du

We address the experimental determination of entropic quantum discord for systems made of a pair of polarization qubits. We compare results from full and partial tomography and found that the two determinations are statistically compatible,…

Effective methods for characterizing the noise in quantum computing devices are essential for programming and debugging circuit performance. Existing approaches vary in the information obtained as well as the amount of quantum and classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-10 Megan L. Dahlhauser , Travis S. Humble

Current quantum technology is approaching the system sizes and fidelities required for quantum error correction. It is therefore important to determine exactly what is needed for proof-of-principle experiments, which will be the first major…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-10-04 James R. Wootton , Andreas Peter , Janos R. Winkler , Daniel Loss

A universal fault-tolerant quantum computer that can solve efficiently problems such as integer factorization and unstructured database search requires millions of qubits with low error rates and long coherence times. While the experimental…

The goal of benchmarking is to determine how far the output of a noisy system is from its ideal behavior; this becomes exceedingly difficult for large quantum systems where classical simulations become intractable. A common approach is to…

Quantum computers are expected to contribute more efficient and accurate ways of modeling economic processes. Quantum hardware is currently available at a relatively small scale, but effective algorithms are limited by the number of logic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-18 Dominic Widdows , Amit Bhattacharyya

An arbitrarily reliable quantum computer can be efficiently constructed from noisy components using a recursive simulation procedure, provided that those components fail with probability less than the fault-tolerance threshold. Recent…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-04-03 K. M. Svore , A. W. Cross , I. L. Chuang , A. V. Aho

In order to understand the capabilities and limitations of quantum computers, it is necessary to develop methods that efficiently characterize and benchmark error channels present on these devices. In this paper, we present a method that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-21 James Sud , Jeffrey Marshall , Zhihui Wang , Eleanor Rieffel , Filip A. Wudarski

Noise is the defining feature of the NISQ era, but it remains unclear if noisy quantum devices are capable of quantum speedups. Quantum supremacy experiments have been a major step forward, but gaps remain between the theory behind these…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-08 Adam Bouland , Bill Fefferman , Zeph Landau , Yunchao Liu

When modeling the effects of noise on quantum circuits, one often makes the assumption that these effects can be accounted for by individual decoherence events following an otherwise noise-free gate. In this work, we address the validity of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-19 Keith R. Fratus , Juha Leppäkangas , Michael Marthaler , Jan-Michael Reiner

As quantum devices continue to scale, distributed quantum computing emerges as a promising strategy for executing large-scale tasks across modular quantum processors. A central challenge in this paradigm is verifying the correctness of…

The linear cross-entropy benchmark (Linear XEB) has been used as a test for procedures simulating quantum circuits. Given a quantum circuit $C$ with $n$ inputs and outputs and purported simulator whose output is distributed according to a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-07 Boaz Barak , Chi-Ning Chou , Xun Gao

Today, multiple new platforms are implementing qudits, $d$-level quantum bases of information, for Quantum Information Processing (QIP). It is therefore crucial to study their efficiencies for QIP compared to more traditional qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-28 Denis Janković , Jean-Gabriel Hartmann , Mario Ruben , Paul-Antoine Hervieux

Efficient classical simulation of noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) circuits has been a topic of intense study over the past few years. The majority of results on efficient simulation assume that the circuits undergo some variant of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-23 Shravan Shravan , Mohsin Raza , Ariel Shlosberg