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We introduce a theory of quantum error correction (QEC) for a subclass of states within a larger Hilbert space. In the standard theory of QEC, the set of all encoded states is formed by an arbitrary linear combination of the codewords.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-13 Maximilian Reichert , Louis W. Tessler , Marcel Bergmann , Peter van Loock , Tim Byrnes

Quantum corrections to holographic entanglement entropy require knowledge of the bulk quantum state. In this paper, we derive a novel dual prescription for the generalized entropy that allows us to interpret the leading quantum corrections…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2022-02-25 Cesar A. Agón , Juan F. Pedraza

We point out a connection between the emergence of bulk locality in AdS/CFT and the theory of quantum error correction. Bulk notions such as Bogoliubov transformations, location in the radial direction, and the holographic entropy bound all…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-07-29 Ahmed Almheiri , Xi Dong , Daniel Harlow

Quantum Error Correction (QEC) is essential for future quantum computers due to its ability to exponentially suppress physical errors. The surface code is a leading error-correcting code candidate because of its local topological structure,…

We propose that holographic entanglement entropy can be calculated at arbitrary orders in the bulk Planck constant using the concept of a "quantum extremal surface": a surface which extremizes the generalized entropy, i.e. the sum of area…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-10-27 Netta Engelhardt , Aron C. Wall

Quantum error-correcting codes provide a powerful framework for emergent spacetime, yet existing holographic code models describe only quantum fields on a fixed background: in exact erasure-correcting codes, the entropic area term is state…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-03-17 ChunJun Cao , Gong Cheng , Krishnanand Karthikeyan , Cathy Li , John Preskill

Quantum error correction (QEC) is crucial for realizing scalable quantum technologies, and topological quantum error correction (TQEC) has emerged as the most experimentally advanced paradigm of QEC. Existing homological and topological…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-21 Xiang Zou , Hoi-Kwong Lo

We construct and study an ensemble of non-isometric error correcting codes in a toy model of an evaporating black hole in two-dimensional dilaton gravity. In the preferred bases of Euclidean path integral states in the bulk and Hamiltonian…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-03-22 Arjun Kar

It was recently argued by Almheiri et al that black hole complementarity strains the basic rules of quantum information theory, such as monogamy of entanglement. Motivated by this argument, we develop a practical framework for describing…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-06-12 Erik Verlinde , Herman Verlinde

By introducing an operator sum representation for arbitrary linear maps, we develop a generalized theory of quantum error correction (QEC) that applies to any linear map, in particular maps that are not completely positive (CP). This theory…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-21 A. Shabani , D. A. Lidar

Entanglement renormalization can be viewed as an encoding circuit for a family of approximate quantum error correcting codes. The logical information becomes progressively more well-protected against erasure errors at larger length scales.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-04-14 Isaac H. Kim , Michael J. Kastoryano

Almheiri, Dong, and Harlow [arXiv:1411.7041] proposed a highly illuminating connection between the AdS/CFT holographic correspondence and operator algebra quantum error correction (OAQEC). Here we explore this connection further. We derive…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-05-23 Fernando Pastawski , John Preskill

Quantum states with geometric duals are known to satisfy a stricter set of entropy inequalities than those obeyed by general quantum systems. The set of allowed entropies derived using the Ryu-Takayanagi (RT) formula defines the Holographic…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2024-09-09 Chris Akers , Sergio Hernández-Cuenca , Pratik Rath

This article reviews the progress in our understanding of the reconstruction of the bulk spacetime in the holographic correspondence from the dual field theory including an account of how these developments have led to the reproduction of…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2022-05-27 Tanay Kibe , Prabha Mandayam , Ayan Mukhopadhyay

Quantum error correction (QEC) is believed to be essential for the realization of large-scale quantum computers. However, due to the complexity of operating on the encoded `logical' qubits, understanding the physical principles for building…

We present a general framework for applying linear quantum error mitigation (QEM) techniques directly to physical qubits within a logical qubit to suppress logical errors. By exploiting the linearity of quantum error correction (QEC), we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-27 Minjun Jeon , Zhenyu Cai

Quantum error correction has given us a natural language for the emergence of spacetime, but the black hole interior poses a challenge for this framework: at late times the apparent number of interior degrees of freedom in effective field…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2022-10-06 Chris Akers , Netta Engelhardt , Daniel Harlow , Geoff Penington , Shreya Vardhan

We study the portion of an asymptotically Anti de Sitter geometry's bulk where the metric can be reconstructed, given the areas of minimal 2-surfaces anchored to a fixed boundary subregion. We exhibit situations in which this region can…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2020-04-10 Ning Bao , Aidan Chatwin-Davies , Benjamin E. Niehoff , Mykhaylo Usatyuk

We first show that a class of operators acting on a given bipartite pure state on $\mathcal{H}_{A}\otimes\mathcal{H}_{B}$ can shrink its supports on $\mathcal{H}_{A}\otimes\mathcal{H}_{B}$ to only $\mathcal{H}_{A}$ or $\mathcal{H}_{B}$…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2020-02-28 Hayato Hirai

We introduce a new algebraic framework for understanding nonperturbative gravitational aspects of bulk reconstruction with a finite or infinite-dimensional boundary Hilbert space. We use relative entropy equivalence between bulk and…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-08-29 Elliott Gesteau , Monica Jinwoo Kang
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