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Cluster-randomized trials (CRTs) on fragile populations frequently encounter complex attrition problems where the reasons for missing outcomes can be heterogeneous, with participants who are known alive, known to have died, or with unknown…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-06 Guangyu Tong , Chenxi Li , Eric Velazquez , Michael O. Harhay , Fan Li

Instrumental variable methods have been widely used to identify causal effects in the presence of unmeasured confounding. A key identification condition known as the exclusion restriction states that the instrument cannot have a direct…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-08-05 Baoluo Sun , Yifan Cui , Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen

We study the probability tail properties of Inverse Probability Weighting (IPW) estimators of the Average Treatment Effect (ATE) when there is limited overlap between the covariate distributions of the treatment and control groups. Under…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-12-12 Jonathan B. Hill , Saraswata Chaudhuri

Competing risk is a common phenomenon when dealing with time-to-event outcomes in biostatistical applications. An attractive estimand in this setting is the "number of life-years lost due to a specific cause of death", Andersen et al.…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-02-04 Simon Christoffer Ziersen , Torben Martinussen

Principal stratification is a popular framework for causal inference in the presence of an intermediate outcome. While the principal average treatment effects are the standard target of inference, they may be insufficient when interest lies…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-29 Xinyuan Chen , Fan Li

Researchers often use linear regression to analyse randomized experiments to improve treatment effect estimation by adjusting for imbalances of covariates in the treatment and control groups. Our work offers a randomization-based inference…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-07-08 Hanzhong Liu , Yuehan Yang

In observational studies of survival time featuring a binary time-dependent treatment, the hazard ratio (an instantaneous measure) is often used to represent the treatment effect. However, investigators are often more interested in the…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-05-21 Yun Li , Douglas E. Schaubel , Kevin He

We consider the estimation of average treatment effects in observational studies and propose a new framework of robust causal inference with unobserved confounders. Our approach is based on distributionally robust optimization and proceeds…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-02-06 Dimitris Bertsimas , Kosuke Imai , Michael Lingzhi Li

In observational studies, the observed association between an exposure and outcome of interest may be distorted by unobserved confounding. Causal sensitivity analysis can be used to assess the robustness of observed associations to…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-04 Rui Hu , Ted Westling

In randomized experiments with non-compliance scholars have argued that the complier average causal effect (CACE) ought to be the main causal estimand. The literature on inference of the complier average treatment effect (CACE) has focused…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-11-30 Zhen Zhong , Per Johansson , Junni L. Zhang

Marginal structural models (MSM) with inverse probability weighting (IPW) are used to estimate causal effects of time-varying treatments, but can result in erratic finite-sample performance when there is low overlap in covariate…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-07-16 Shirley Liao , Lucas Henneman , Corwin Zigler

We consider survival data in the presence of a cure fraction, meaning that some subjects will never experience the event of interest. We assume a mixture cure model consisting of two sub-models: one for the probability of being uncured…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-03-17 Eni Musta , Tsz Pang Yuen

Causal inference in observational studies can be challenging when confounders are subject to missingness. Generally, the identification of causal effects is not guaranteed even under restrictive parametric model assumptions when confounders…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-03-23 Jian Sun , Bo Fu

Additive noise models (ANMs) are an important setting studied in causal inference. Most of the existing works on ANMs assume causal sufficiency, i.e., there are no unobserved confounders. This paper focuses on confounded ANMs, where a set…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-16 Muhammad Qasim Elahi , Mahsa Ghasemi , Murat Kocaoglu

The propensity score is a common tool for estimating the causal effect of a binary treatment in observational data. In this setting, matching, subclassification, imputation, or inverse probability weighting on the propensity score can…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-01-03 Michael J Lopez , Roee Gutman

This paper presents a randomization-based framework for estimating causal effects under interference between units, motivated by challenges that arise in analyzing experiments on social networks. The framework integrates three components:…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-06-21 Peter M. Aronow , Cyrus Samii

In clinical trials with recurrent events, such as repeated hospitalizations terminating with death, it is important to consider the patient events overall history for a thorough assessment of treatment effects. The occurrence of fewer…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-08 Alessandra Ragni , Torben Martinussen , Thomas Scheike

Medication adherence is essential to ensure treatment effectiveness, but too often in routine care non-adherence compromises the desired outcome. We explore longitudinal causal modelling using observational data to estimate the time-varying…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-10 Xiaoran Liang , Deniz Türkmen , Jane A H Masoli , Luke C Pilling , Jack Bowden

Treatment specific survival curves are an important tool to illustrate the treatment effect in studies with time-to-event outcomes. In non-randomized studies, unadjusted estimates can lead to biased depictions due to confounding. Multiple…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-04-25 Robin Denz , Renate Klaaßen-Mielke , Nina Timmesfeld

A very classical problem in statistics is to test the stochastic superiority of one distribution to another. However, many existing approaches are developed for independent samples and, moreover, do not take censored data into account. We…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-06-19 Dennis Dobler , Kathrin Möllenhoff