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Many real-world applications collect data in a streaming environment, where learning tasks are encountered sequentially. This necessitates continual learning (CL) to update models online, enabling adaptation to new tasks while preserving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Yu-Yang Qian , Yuan-Ze Xu , Zhen-Yu Zhang , Peng Zhao , Zhi-Hua Zhou

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in AI infrastructure, driving the need for high throughput, resource efficient serving systems. Disaggregated LLM serving, which separates prompt prefill from auto-regressive decode,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Yiyuan He , Minxian Xu , Jingfeng Wu , Jianmin Hu , Chong Ma , Min Shen , Le Chen , Chengzhong Xu , Lin Qu , Kejiang Ye

KV cache has traditionally been stored in GPU memory to accelerate the decoding phase of large language model (LLM) inference. However, it is increasingly necessary to move KV caches outside GPU devices, to enable cache reuse across…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Yuhan Liu , Yihua Cheng , Jiayi Yao , Yuwei An , Xiaokun Chen , Shaoting Feng , Yuyang Huang , Samuel Shen , Rui Zhang , Kuntai Du , Junchen Jiang

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities but face substantial serving costs due to their high memory demands, with the key-value (KV) cache being a primary bottleneck. State-of-the-art KV cache compression…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Yanqi Zhang , Yuwei Hu , Runyuan Zhao , John C. S. Lui , Haibo Chen

Efficient key-value (KV) cache management is crucial for the practical deployment of large language models (LLMs), yet existing compression techniques often incur a trade-off between performance degradation and computational overhead. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jang-Hyun Kim , Dongyoon Han , Sangdoo Yun

How to efficiently serve Large Language Models (LLMs) has become a pressing issue because of their huge computational cost in their autoregressive generation process. To mitigate computational costs, LLMs often employ the KV Cache technique…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Zheng Wang , Boxiao Jin , Zhongzhi Yu , Minjia Zhang

A critical approach for efficiently deploying computationally demanding large language models (LLMs) is Key-Value (KV) caching. The KV cache stores key-value states of previously generated tokens, significantly reducing the need for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Akide Liu , Jing Liu , Zizheng Pan , Yefei He , Gholamreza Haffari , Bohan Zhuang

Key-Value cache (\texttt{KV} \texttt{cache}) compression has emerged as a promising technique to optimize Large Language Model (LLM) serving. It primarily decreases the memory consumption of \texttt{KV} \texttt{cache} to reduce the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Wei Gao , Xinyu Zhou , Peng Sun , Tianwei Zhang , Yonggang Wen

This paper presents an efficient method to perform Structured Matrix Approximation by Separation and Hierarchy (SMASH), when the original dense matrix is associated with a kernel function. Given points in a domain, a tree structure is first…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2017-05-17 Difeng Cai , Edmond Chow , Yousef Saad , Yuanzhe Xi

Many computational factors limit broader deployment of large language models. In this paper, we focus on a memory bottleneck imposed by the key-value (KV) cache, a computational shortcut that requires storing previous KV pairs during…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Harry Dong , Xinyu Yang , Zhenyu Zhang , Zhangyang Wang , Yuejie Chi , Beidi Chen

Inspired by the feedforward multilayer perceptron (FF-MLP), decision tree (DT) and extreme learning machine (ELM), a new classification model, called the subspace learning machine (SLM), is proposed in this work. SLM first identifies a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-12 Hongyu Fu , Yijing Yang , Vinod K. Mishra , C. -C. Jay Kuo

The development of large language models (LLMs) has significantly expanded model sizes, resulting in substantial GPU memory requirements during inference. The key and value storage of the attention map in the KV (key-value) cache accounts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Yifei Yang , Zouying Cao , Qiguang Chen , Libo Qin , Dongjie Yang , Hai Zhao , Zhi Chen

There emerges a promising trend of using large language models (LLMs) to generate code-like plans for complex inference tasks such as visual reasoning. This paradigm, known as LLM-based planning, provides flexibility in problem solving and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Pengbo Hu , Ji Qi , Xingyu Li , Hong Li , Xinqi Wang , Bing Quan , Ruiyu Wang , Yi Zhou

Running Large Language Models (LLMs) on edge devices is crucial for reducing latency, improving real-time processing, and enhancing privacy. By performing inference directly on the device, data does not need to be sent to the cloud,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Tianhua Xia , Sai Qian Zhang

The lookup procedure in Linux costs a significant portion of file accessing time as the virtual file system (VFS) traverses the file path components one after another. The lookup procedure becomes more time consuming when applications…

Operating Systems · Computer Science 2020-10-20 Yanliang Zou , Tongliang Deng , Jian Zhang , Chen Chen , Shu Yin

We propose Nested LSTMs (NLSTM), a novel RNN architecture with multiple levels of memory. Nested LSTMs add depth to LSTMs via nesting as opposed to stacking. The value of a memory cell in an NLSTM is computed by an LSTM cell, which has its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-02-01 Joel Ruben Antony Moniz , David Krueger

The Large Margin Distribution Machine (LMDM) is a recent advancement in classifier design that optimizes not just the minimum margin (as in SVM) but the entire margin distribution, thereby improving generalization. However, existing LMDM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Yang Xu , Junpeng Li , Changchun Hua , Yana Yang

Several classification methods assume that the underlying distributions follow tree-structured graphical models. Indeed, trees capture statistical dependencies between pairs of variables, which may be crucial to attain low classification…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-05-31 Yaniv Tenzer , Amit Moscovich , Mary Frances Dorn , Boaz Nadler , Clifford Spiegelman

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable potential across a wide range of practical applications. However, long-context inference remains a significant challenge due to the substantial memory requirements…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Bo Jiang , Taolue Yang , Youyuan Liu , Xubin He , Sheng Di , Sian Jin

One of the goals of NASA funded project at IBM T. J. Watson Research Center was to build an index for similarity searching satellite images, which were characterized by high-dimensional feature image texture vectors. Reviewed is our effort…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-01-08 Alexander Thomasian