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Log-Structured Merge tree (LSM tree) Key-Value (KV) stores have become a foundational layer in the storage stacks of datacenter and cloud services. Current approaches for achieving reliability and availability avoid replication at the KV…

Databases · Computer Science 2021-10-20 Michalis Vardoulakis , Giorgos Saloustros , Pilar González-Férez , Angelos Bilas

Key-Value Stores (KVS) implemented with log-structured merge-tree (LSM-tree) have gained widespread acceptance in storage systems. Nonetheless, a significant challenge arises in the form of high write amplification due to the compaction…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Jianshun Zhang , Fang Wang , Sheng Qiu , Yi Wang , Jiaxin Ou , Junxun Huang , Baoquan Li , Peng Fang , Dan Feng

LSM-based key-value (KV) stores are an important component in modern data infrastructures. However, they suffer from high tail latency, in the order of several seconds, making them less attractive for user-facing applications. In this…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Giorgos Xanthakis , Antonios Katsarakis , Giorgos Saloustros , Angelos Bilas

Log-Structured Merge-tree-based Key-Value Store (LSM-KVS) is a foundational storage engine serving diverse modern workloads, systems, and applications. To suit varying use cases, LSM-KVS allows a vast configuration space that controls core…

The growing volume of graph data may exhaust the main memory. It is crucial to design a disk-based graph storage system to ingest updates and analyze graphs efficiently. However, existing dynamic graph storage systems suffer from read or…

Real-time analytics systems employ hybrid data layouts in which data are stored in different formats throughout their lifecycle. Recent data are stored in a row-oriented format to serve OLTP workloads and support high insert rates, while…

Databases · Computer Science 2022-07-18 Hemant Saxena , Lukasz Golab , Stratos Idreos , Ihab F. Ilyas

Log-Structured Merge-tree-based Key-Value Stores (LSM-KVS) have been optimized and redesigned for disaggregated storage via techniques such as compaction offloading to reduce the network I/Os between compute and storage. However, the…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Qi Lin , Gangqi Huang , Te Guo , Chang Guo , Viraj Thakkar , Zichen Zhu , Jianguo Wang , Zhichao Cao

Zoned storage devices, such as zoned namespace (ZNS) solid-state drives (SSDs) and host-managed shingled magnetic recording (HM-SMR) hard-disk drives (HDDs), expose interfaces for host-level applications to support fine-grained,…

Performance · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Jinhong Li , Qiuping Wang , Patrick P. C. Lee

Scan-based operations, such as backstage compaction and value filtering, have emerged as the main bottleneck for LSM-Trees in supporting contemporary data-intensive applications. For slower external storage devices, such as HDD and SATA…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Jianfeng Huang , Ziyao Wang , Lin Yuan , Jiajie Wen , Yihao Cao , Dongjing Miao , Yong Wang , Jiahao Zhang

LSM-trees are widely adopted as the storage backend of key-value stores. However, optimizing the system performance under dynamic workloads has not been sufficiently studied or evaluated in previous work. To fill the gap, we present RusKey,…

Databases · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Dingheng Mo , Fanchao Chen , Siqiang Luo , Caihua Shan

Compaction is a necessary, but often costly background process in write-optimized data structures like LSM-trees that reorganizes incoming data that is sequentially appended to logs. In this paper, we introduce Transformation-Embedded…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Holly Casaletto , Jeff Lefevre , Aldrin Montana , Peter Alvaro

The Log-Structured Merge-Tree (LSM-tree) has been widely adopted for use in modern NoSQL systems for its superior write performance. Despite the popularity of LSM-trees, they have been criticized for suffering from write stalls and large…

Databases · Computer Science 2020-04-14 Chen Luo , Michael J. Carey

This paper studies the design of B-tree that can take full advantage of modern storage hardware with built-in transparent compression. Recent years have witnessed significant interest in applying log-structured merge tree (LSM-tree) as an…

Databases · Computer Science 2021-07-30 Yifan Qiao , Xubin Chen , Ning Zheng , Jiangpeng Li , Yang Liu , Tong Zhang

Multicopy search structures such as log-structured merge (LSM) trees are optimized for high insert/update/delete (collectively known as upsert) performance. In such data structures, an upsert on key $k$, which adds $(k,v)$ where $v$ can be…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Nisarg Patel , Siddharth Krishna , Dennis Shasha , Thomas Wies

The Log Structured Merge Trees (LSM-tree) based key-value stores are widely used in many storage systems to support a variety of operations such as updates, point reads, and range reads. Traditionally, LSM-tree's merge policy organizes data…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Fuheng Zhao , Zach Miller , Leron Reznikov , Divyakant Agrawal , Amr El Abbadi

LSM-tree based key-value stores are widely adopted as the data storage backend in modern big data applications. The LSM-tree grows with data ingestion, by either adding levels with fixed level capacities (dubbed as vertical scheme) or…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Dingheng Mo , Siqiang Luo , Stratos Idreos

We present~\emph{KV-Tandem}, a modular architecture for building LSM-based storage engines on top of simple, non-ordered persistent key-value stores (KVSs). KV-Tandem enables advanced functionalities such as range queries and snapshot…

Log-Structured Merge trees (LSM trees) are increasingly used as part of the storage engine behind several data systems, and are frequently deployed in the cloud. As the number of applications relying on LSM-based storage backends increases,…

Databases · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Andy Huynh , Harshal A. Chaudhari , Evimaria Terzi , Manos Athanassoulis

Key\-value separation is used in LSM\-tree to stored large value in separate log files to reduce write amplification, but requires garbage collection to garbage collect invalid values. Existing garbage collection techniques in LSM\-tree…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Zhutao Zhuang , Xinqi Zeng , Zhiguang Chen

In recent years, the Log Structured Merge (LSM) tree has been widely adopted by NoSQL and NewSQL systems for its superior write performance. Despite its popularity, however, most existing work has focused on LSM-based key-value stores with…

Databases · Computer Science 2019-01-08 Chen Luo , Michael J. Carey