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Automatic question generation is an important technique that can improve the training of question answering, help chatbots to start or continue a conversation with humans, and provide assessment materials for educational purposes. Existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-02-28 Bang Liu , Mingjun Zhao , Di Niu , Kunfeng Lai , Yancheng He , Haojie Wei , Yu Xu

Recently, automatic image caption generation has been an important focus of the work on multimodal translation task. Existing approaches can be roughly categorized into two classes, i.e., top-down and bottom-up, the former transfers the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-09-06 Wei Wei , Ling Cheng , Xianling Mao , Guangyou Zhou , Feida Zhu

We propose a query-based generative model for solving both tasks of question generation (QG) and question an- swering (QA). The model follows the classic encoder- decoder framework. The encoder takes a passage and a query as input then…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-29 Linfeng Song , Zhiguo Wang , Wael Hamza

Stack Overflow is the most popular Q&A website among software developers. As a platform for knowledge sharing and acquisition, the questions posted in Stack Overflow usually contain a code snippet. Stack Overflow relies on users to properly…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-09-24 Kamel Alreshedy , Dhanush Dharmaretnam , Daniel M. German , Venkatesh Srinivasan , T. Aaron Gulliver

Pre-trained language models like BERT have achieved great success in a wide variety of NLP tasks, while the superior performance comes with high demand in computational resources, which hinders the application in low-latency IR systems. We…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-02-18 Wenhao Lu , Jian Jiao , Ruofei Zhang

Previous studies that used data from Stack Overflow to develop predictive models often employed limited benchmarks of 3-5 models or adopted arbitrary selection methods. Despite being insightful, their limited scope suggests the need to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Elijah Zolduoarrati , Sherlock A. Licorish , Nigel Stanger

Context: Navigating the knowledge of Stack Overflow (SO) remains challenging. To make the posts vivid to users, SO allows users to write and edit posts with Markdown or HTML so that users can leverage various formatting styles (e.g., bold,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Shahla Shaan Ahmed , Shaowei Wang , Yuan Tian , Tse-Hsun , Chen , Haoxiang Zhang

Pre-trained language models have recently contributed to significant advances in NLP tasks. Recently, multi-modal versions of BERT have been developed, using heavy pre-training relying on vast corpora of aligned textual and image data,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-17 Thomas Scialom , Patrick Bordes , Paul-Alexis Dray , Jacopo Staiano , Patrick Gallinari

Though current long-context large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capacities in answering user questions based on extensive text, the lack of citations in their responses makes user verification difficult, leading to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Jiajie Zhang , Yushi Bai , Xin Lv , Wanjun Gu , Danqing Liu , Minhao Zou , Shulin Cao , Lei Hou , Yuxiao Dong , Ling Feng , Juanzi Li

Transformer-based models, specifically BERT, have propelled research in various NLP tasks. However, these models are limited to a maximum token limit of 512 tokens. Consequently, this makes it non-trivial to apply it in a practical setting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Aman Jaiswal , Evangelos Milios

Stack Overflow (SO) has been a great source of natural language questions and their code solutions (i.e., question-code pairs), which are critical for many tasks including code retrieval and annotation. In most existing research,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-03-28 Ziyu Yao , Daniel S. Weld , Wei-Peng Chen , Huan Sun

Prior research notes that BERT's computational cost grows quadratically with sequence length thus leading to longer training times, higher GPU memory constraints and carbon emissions. While recent work seeks to address these scalability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-02 Yatin Chaudhary , Pankaj Gupta , Khushbu Saxena , Vivek Kulkarni , Thomas Runkler , Hinrich Schütze

The Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) model has been radically improving the performance of many Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks such as Text Classification and Named Entity Recognition (NER)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Leonard Dahlmann , Tomer Lancewicki

The previous smart contract code comment (SCC) generation approaches can be divided into two categories: fine-tuning paradigm-based approaches and information retrieval-based approaches. However, for the fine-tuning paradigm-based…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Junjie Zhao , Xiang Chen , Guang Yang , Yiheng Shen

Context: Software developers often ask questions on Technical Q&A forums like Stack Overflow (SO) to seek solutions to their programming-related problems (e.g., errors and unexpected behavior of code). Problem: Many questions miss required…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Saikat Mondal , Chanchal K. Roy

Stack Overflow has been heavily used by software developers to seek programming-related information. More and more developers use Community Question and Answer forums, such as Stack Overflow, to search for code examples of how to accomplish…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-10-31 Zhipeng Gao , Xin Xia , David Lo , John Grundy , Xindong Zhang , Zhenchang Xing

In software engineering-related tasks (such as programming language tag prediction based on code snippets from Stack Overflow), the programming language classification for code snippets is a common task. In this study, we propose a novel…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Guang Yang , Yanlin Zhou , Chi Yu , Xiang Chen

The exponential growth of online textual content across diverse domains has necessitated advanced methods for automated text classification. Large Language Models (LLMs) based on transformer architectures have shown significant success in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Zhyar Rzgar K Rostam , Gábor Kertész

Developers spend much time finding information that is relevant to their questions. Stack Overflow has been the leading resource, and with the advent of Large Language Models (LLMs), generative models such as ChatGPT are used frequently.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Davit Abrahamyan , Fatemeh H. Fard

Automatic question generation aims at the generation of questions from a context, with the corresponding answers being sub-spans of the given passage. Whereas, most of the methods mostly rely on heuristic rules to generate questions, more…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-07 Tassilo Klein , Moin Nabi