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In this paper, we introduce a generalization of the standard Stackelberg Games (SGs) framework: Calibrated Stackelberg Games (CSGs). In CSGs, a principal repeatedly interacts with an agent who (contrary to standard SGs) does not have direct…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Nika Haghtalab , Chara Podimata , Kunhe Yang

We study Stackelberg games where a principal repeatedly interacts with a non-myopic long-lived agent, without knowing the agent's payoff function. Although learning in Stackelberg games is well-understood when the agent is myopic, dealing…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Nika Haghtalab , Thodoris Lykouris , Sloan Nietert , Alexander Wei

Algorithms for playing in Stackelberg games have been deployed in real-world domains including airport security, anti-poaching efforts, and cyber-crime prevention. However, these algorithms often fail to take into consideration the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Keegan Harris , Zhiwei Steven Wu , Maria-Florina Balcan

Traditional game-theoretic research for security applications primarily focuses on the allocation of external protection resources to defend targets. This work puts forward the study of a new class of games centered around strategically…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Niclas Boehmer , Minbiao Han , Haifeng Xu , Milind Tambe

We introduce and study incentive equilibria for multi-player meanpayoff games. Incentive equilibria generalise well-studied solution concepts such as Nash equilibria and leader equilibria (also known as Stackelberg equilibria). Recall that…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2015-11-03 Anshul Gupta , M. S. Krishna Deepak , Bharath Kumar Padarthi , Sven Schewe , Ashutosh Trivedi

Most models of Stackelberg security games assume that the attacker only knows the defender's mixed strategy, but is not able to observe (even partially) the instantiated pure strategy. Such partial observation of the deployed pure strategy…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2015-05-05 Haifeng Xu , Albert X. Jiang , Arunesh Sinha , Zinovi Rabinovich , Shaddin Dughmi , Milind Tambe

We consider the problem of efficiently learning to play single-leader multi-follower Stackelberg games when the leader lacks knowledge of the lower-level game. Such games arise in hierarchical decision-making problems involving…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-11 Anna Maddux , Marko Maljkovic , Nikolas Geroliminis , Maryam Kamgarpour

This paper presents a game-theoretic framework to study the interactions of attack and defense for deep learning-based NextG signal classification. NextG systems such as the one envisioned for a massive number of IoT devices can employ deep…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-12-23 Yalin E. Sagduyu

Classifiers trained using conventional empirical risk minimization or maximum likelihood methods are known to suffer dramatic performance degradations when tested over examples adversarially selected based on knowledge of the classifier's…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-03-01 Alireza Bagheri , Osvaldo Simeone , Bipin Rajendran

Adversarial regularization has been shown to improve the generalization performance of deep learning models in various natural language processing tasks. Existing works usually formulate the method as a zero-sum game, which is solved by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-21 Simiao Zuo , Chen Liang , Haoming Jiang , Xiaodong Liu , Pengcheng He , Jianfeng Gao , Weizhu Chen , Tuo Zhao

In Stackelberg security games when information about the attacker's payoffs is uncertain, algorithms have been proposed to learn the optimal defender commitment by interacting with the attacker and observing their best responses. In this…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-11-01 Jiarui Gan , Qingyu Guo , Long Tran-Thanh , Bo An , Michael Wooldridge

Robust Reinforcement Learning (RL) focuses on improving performances under model errors or adversarial attacks, which facilitates the real-life deployment of RL agents. Robust Adversarial Reinforcement Learning (RARL) is one of the most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Peide Huang , Mengdi Xu , Fei Fang , Ding Zhao

We initiate the study of structured Stackelberg games, a novel form of strategic interaction between a leader and a follower where contextual information can be predictive of the follower's (unknown) type. Motivated by applications such as…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Maria-Florina Balcan , Kiriaki Fragkia , Keegan Harris

In a multi-follower Bayesian Stackelberg game, a leader plays a mixed strategy over $L$ actions to which $n\ge 1$ followers, each having one of $K$ possible private types, best respond. The leader's optimal strategy depends on the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Gerson Personnat , Tao Lin , Safwan Hossain , David C. Parkes

We study multi-player general-sum Markov games with one of the players designated as the leader and the other players regarded as followers. In particular, we focus on the class of games where the followers are myopic, i.e., they aim to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Han Zhong , Zhuoran Yang , Zhaoran Wang , Michael I. Jordan

Leader-follower general-sum stochastic games (LF-GSSGs) model sequential decision-making under asymmetric commitment, where a leader commits to a policy and a follower best responds, yielding a strong Stackelberg equilibrium (SSE) with…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Jilles Steeve Dibangoye , Thibaut Le Marre , Ocan Sankur , François Schwarzentruber

In this paper, we present an efficient algorithm to solve online Stackelberg games, featuring multiple followers, in a follower-agnostic manner. Unlike previous works, our approach works even when leader has no knowledge about the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-28 Chinmay Maheshwari , James Cheng , S. Shankar Sasty , Lillian Ratliff , Eric Mazumdar

We develop an analytical Stackelberg game framework for optimal resource allocation in a sequential attacker--defender setting with a finite set of assets and probabilistic attacks. The defender commits to a mixed protection strategy, after…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Azhar Iqbal , James M. Chappell , Derek Abbott

Can classical game-theoretic frameworks be extended to capture the bounded rationality and causal reasoning of AI agents? We investigate this question by extending Causal Normal Form Games (CNFGs) to sequential settings, introducing…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Dennis Thumm

We introduce the application of online learning in a Stackelberg game pertaining to a system with two learning agents in a dyadic exchange network, consisting of a supplier and retailer, specifically where the parameters of the demand…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Larkin Liu , Yuming Rong