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We compute the electromagnetic form factors of the proton and neutron using lattice QCD. We employ $N_\mathrm{f}$=2+1+1 twisted mass clover-improved fermions with quark masses tuned to their physical values. Three ensembles with lattice…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2025-07-29 Constantia Alexandrou , Simone Bacchio , Giannis Koutsou , Bhavna Prasad , Gregoris Spanoudes

A review of data on the nucleon electromagnetic form factors in the space-like region is presented. Recent results from experiments using polarized beams and polarized targets or nucleon recoil polarimeters have yielded a significant…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2010-11-03 Kees de Jager

The electromagnetic form factors of the proton and the neutron in the timelike region are reviewed. In view of the forthcoming experimental projects devoted to investigate these observables, we present the current status of the field and we…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2012-10-18 Achim Denig , Giovanni Salme`

Recent experimental data on space-like and time-like form factors of the nucleon are reviewed in light of a model of the nucleon with an intrinsic (quark-like) structure and a meson cloud. The analysis points to the astonishing result that…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2011-08-17 F. Iachello

Electromagnetic form factors of proton and neutron, obtained from a new fit of data, are presented. The proton form factors are obtained from a simultaneous fit to the ratio $\mu_p G_{Ep}/G_{Mp}$ determined from polarization transfer…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2009-07-09 W. M. Alberico , S. M. Bilenky , C. Giunti , K. M. Graczyk

We present the first measurements of the electric and magnetic form factors of the neutron in the time-like (positive $q^2$) region as function of four-momentum transfer. We explored the differential cross sections of the reaction $e^+e^-…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2023-03-30 BESIII Collaboration , M. Ablikim , M. N. Achasov , P. Adlarson , R. Aliberti , A. Amoroso , M. R. An , Q. An , Y. Bai , O. Bakina , I. Balossino , Y. Ban , V. Batozskaya , K. Begzsuren , N. Berger , M. Bertani , D. Bettoni , F. Bianchi , E. Bianco , J. Bloms , A. Bortone , I. Boyko , R. A. Briere , A. Brueggemann , H. Cai , X. Cai , A. Calcaterra , G. F. Cao , N. Cao , S. A. Cetin , J. F. Chang , T. T. Chang , W. L. Chang , G. R. Che , G. Chelkov , C. Chen , Chao Chen , G. Chen , H. S. Chen , M. L. Chen , S. J. Chen , S. M. Chen , T. Chen , X. R. Chen , X. T. Chen , Y. B. Chen , Y. Q. Chen , Z. J. Chen , W. S. Cheng , S. K. Choi , X. Chu , G. Cibinetto , S. C. Coen , F. Cossio , J. J. Cui , H. L. Dai , J. P. Dai , A. Dbeyssi , R. E. de Boer , D. Dedovich , Z. Y. Deng , A. Denig , I. Denysenko , M. Destefanis , F. De Mori , B. Ding , Y. Ding , Y. Ding , J. Dong , L. Y. Dong , M. Y. Dong , X. Dong , S. X. Du , Z. H. Duan , P. Egorov , Y. L. Fan , J. Fang , S. S. Fang , W. X. Fang , Y. Fang , R. Farinelli , L. Fava , F. Feldbauer , G. Felici , C. Q. Feng , J. H. Feng , K Fischer , M. Fritsch , C. Fritzsch , C. D. Fu , Y. W. Fu , H. Gao , Y. N. Gao , Yang Gao , S. Garbolino , I. Garzia , P. T. Ge , Z. W. Ge , C. Geng , E. M. Gersabeck , A Gilman , K. Goetzen , L. Gong , W. X. Gong , W. Gradl , S. Gramigna , M. Greco , M. H. Gu , Y. T. Gu , C. Y Guan , Z. L. Guan , A. Q. Guo , L. B. Guo , R. P. Guo , Y. P. Guo , A. Guskov , X. T. H. , W. Y. Han , X. Q. Hao , F. A. Harris , K. K. He , K. L. He , F. H. Heinsius , C. H. Heinz , Y. K. Heng , C. Herold , T. Holtmann , P. C. Hong , G. Y. Hou , Y. R. Hou , Z. L. Hou , H. M. Hu , J. F. Hu , T. Hu , Y. Hu , G. S. Huang , K. X. Huang , L. Q. Huang , X. T. Huang , Y. P. Huang , T. Hussain , N Hüsken , W. Imoehl , M. Irshad , J. Jackson , S. Jaeger , S. Janchiv , J. H. Jeong , Q. Ji , Q. P. Ji , X. B. Ji , X. L. Ji , Y. Y. Ji , Z. K. Jia , P. C. Jiang , S. S. Jiang , T. J. Jiang , X. S. Jiang , Y. Jiang , J. B. Jiao , Z. Jiao , S. Jin , Y. Jin , M. Q. Jing , T. Johansson , X. K. , S. Kabana , N. Kalantar-Nayestanaki , X. L. Kang , X. S. Kang , R. Kappert , M. Kavatsyuk , B. C. Ke , A. Khoukaz , R. Kiuchi , R. Kliemt , L. Koch , O. B. Kolcu , B. Kopf , M. Kuessner , A. Kupsc , W. Kühn , J. J. Lane , J. S. Lange , P. Larin , A. Lavania , L. Lavezzi , T. T. Lei , Z. H. Lei , H. Leithoff , M. Lellmann , T. Lenz , C. Li , C. Li , C. H. Li , Cheng Li , D. M. Li , F. Li , G. Li , H. Li , H. B. Li , H. J. Li , H. N. Li , Hui Li , J. R. Li , J. S. Li , J. W. Li , Ke Li , L. J Li , L. K. Li , Lei Li , M. H. Li , P. R. Li , S. X. Li , T. Li , W. D. Li , W. G. Li , X. H. Li , X. L. Li , Xiaoyu Li , Y. G. Li , Z. J. Li , Z. X. Li , Z. Y. Li , C. Liang , H. Liang , H. Liang , H. Liang , Y. F. Liang , Y. T. Liang , G. R. Liao , L. Z. Liao , J. Libby , A. Limphirat , D. X. Lin , T. Lin , B. X. Liu , B. J. Liu , C. Liu , C. X. Liu , D. Liu , F. H. 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Zhao , A. Zhemchugov , B. Zheng , J. P. Zheng , W. J. Zheng , Y. H. Zheng , B. Zhong , X. Zhong , H. Zhou , L. P. Zhou , X. Zhou , X. R. Zhou , X. Y. Zhou , Y. Z. Zhou , J. Zhu , K. Zhu , K. J. Zhu , L. Zhu , L. X. Zhu , S. H. Zhu , S. Q. Zhu , T. J. Zhu , W. J. Zhu , Y. C. Zhu , Z. A. Zhu , J. H. Zou , J. Zu

Constraints from analyticity are combined with experimental electron-proton scattering data to determine the proton charge radius. In contrast to previous determinations, we provide a systematic procedure for analyzing arbitrary data…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2010-12-24 Richard J. Hill , Gil Paz

A brief overview of the recent activity in the measurement of the elastic electromagnetic proton and neutron form factors is presented. It is discussed how the quality of the data has been greatly improved by performing double polarization…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2008-11-26 Marc Vanderhaeghen

Nucleon form factors play an especially important role in studying the dynamics of nucleons and explicit structure of the wave functions at arbitrary nucleon velocity. The purpose of the paper is to explain theoretically all four nucleon…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2021-07-28 Yu. A. Simonov

We calculate the two-photon exchange corrections to electron-proton scattering with nucleon and $\Delta$ intermediate states. The results show a dependence on the elastic nucleon and nucleon-$\Delta$-transition form factors used as input…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2015-01-29 I. T. Lorenz , Ulf-G. Meißner , H. -W. Hammer , Y. -B. Dong

The experimental data on the electromagnetic form factor of charged pions available at spacelike momenta are analyzed using the Dispersive Matrix (DM) approach, which describes the momentum dependence of hadronic form factors without…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2023-10-20 S. Simula , L. Vittorio

We present results for the nucleon electromagnetic form factors, including the momentum transfer dependence and derived quantities (charge radii and magnetic moment). The analysis is performed using O(a) improved Wilson fermions in Nf=2 QCD…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2015-09-30 S. Capitani , M. Della Morte , D. Djukanovic , G. von Hippel , J. Hua , B. Jäger , B. Knippschild , H. B. Meyer , T. D. Rae , H. Wittig

We investigate the nonmonotonic behavior observed in the time-like nucleon electromagnetic form factors. Using a phenomenological extending vector meson dominance model, where the ground states $\rho$ and $\omega$ and their excited states…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2024-03-01 Bing Yan , Cheng Chen , Xia Li , Ju-Jun Xie

There is a long-standing discrepancy between different measurements of the electric and magnetic radii of the proton. Lattice QCD calculations are a well-suited tool for theoretical investigations of the structure of the nucleon from first…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2024-05-24 Dalibor Djukanovic , Georg von Hippel , Harvey B. Meyer , Konstantin Ottnad , Miguel Salg , Hartmut Wittig

There has been considerable progress in the study of the electromagnetic form factors of baryons in the timelike region, through electron-positron scattering reactions ($e^+ e^- \to B \bar B$), in the last two decades. Timelike experiments…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2026-05-19 G. Ramalho , M. T. Peña , K. Tsushima , Myung-Ki Cheoun

Recent experimental data on space- and time-like form factors of the nucleon are analyzed in terms of a two-component model with a quark-like intrinsics structure and a meson cloud. A good overall agreement is found for all electromagnetic…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2017-11-02 R. Bijker

Dispersion relations provide a powerful tool to analyse the electromagnetic form factors of the nucleon both in the space-like and time-like regions with constraints from other experiments, unitarity, and perturbative QCD. We give a brief…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2007-05-23 H. -W. Hammer

We present a detailed study of the nucleon electromagnetic form factors in the spacelike region by combining three complementary approaches: two GPD-based contributions and a vector-meson exchange component. By fitting experimental data, we…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2026-04-13 Hossein Vaziri , Mohammad Reza Shojaei , Pere Masjuan

An extended vector meson dominance model is developed to describe electromagnetic nucleon form factors. The model includes families of the $\rho$- and $\omega$-mesons with the associated radial excitations. The free parameters of the model…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2025-01-22 K. S. Kuzmin , N. M. Levashko , M. I. Krivoruchenko

Extended vector meson dominance model, that allows to describe the electromagnetic form factors of nucleons obeying the asymptotic quark counting rule prescriptions and contains the minimal number of free parameters, is presented. We get a…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2014-11-20 Amand Faessler , M. I. Krivoruchenko , B. V. Martemyanov