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Whitham and Benjamin predicted in 1967 that small-amplitude periodic traveling Stokes waves of the 2d-gravity water waves equations are linearly unstable with respect to long-wave perturbations, if the depth $\mathtt h$ is larger than a…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2022-06-06 Massimiliano Berti , Alberto Maspero , Paolo Ventura

We investigate the Benjamin-Feir instability of small-amplitude gravity-capillary Stokes waves in deep water for the full water wave equations. While modulational instability has been classically predicted by formal asymptotic approaches,…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2026-04-21 Ting-Yang Hsiao , Xinyang Wang

We investigate the Benjamin-Feir (or modulational) instability of Stokes waves, i.e., small-amplitude, one-dimensional periodic gravity waves of permanent form and constant velocity, in water of finite and infinite depth. We develop a…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2023-02-22 Ryan Creedon , Bernard Deconinck

We study the two-dimensional gravity-capillary water waves equations for a fluid of finite depth $\mathtt{h}>0$ under the combined effects of gravity and surface tension $\kappa \geq 0$. We analyze the linear stability and instability of…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2025-11-06 Ting-Yang Hsiao , Alberto Maspero

We investigate the spectral instability of a $2\pi/\kappa$ periodic Stokes wave of sufficiently small amplitude, traveling in water of unit depth, under gravity. Numerical evidence suggests instability whenever the unperturbed wave is…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2023-10-09 Vera Mikyoung Hur , Zhao Yang

We consider a full set of harmonics for the Stokes wave in deep water in the absence of viscosity, and examine the role that higher harmonics play in modifying the classical Benjamin-Feir instability. Using a representation of the wave…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2017-04-26 Shahrdad G. Sajjadi , David L. Ross

We prove that a Stokes' periodic wave of sufficiently small amplitude, traveling under gravity at the free surface of a two dimensional, infinitely deep, and irrotational flow, is spectrally unstable to slow modulation, rigorously…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2021-02-18 Vera Mikyoung Hur

We generalize the periodic Evans function approach recently used to study the spectral stability of Stokes wave and gravity-capillary (including Wilton ripples) in water of finite depth to study spectral stability of Stokes waves in water…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2021-09-28 Zhao Yang

We show that periodic traveling waves with sufficiently small amplitudes of the Whitham equation, which incorporates the dispersion relation of surface water waves and the nonlinearity of the shallow water equations,are spectrally unstable…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2014-05-15 Vera Mikyoung Hur , Mathew A. Johnson

This paper fully answers a long standing open question concerning the stability/instability of pure gravity periodic traveling water waves -- called Stokes waves -- at the critical Whitham-Benjamin depth $ \mathtt{h}_{\scriptscriptstyle WB}…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2023-06-26 Massimiliano Berti , Alberto Maspero , Paolo Ventura

In this paper we consider a family of generalized Korteweg-de Vries equations and study the linear modulational instability of small amplitude traveling waves solutions. Under explicit non-degeneracy conditions on the dispersion relation,…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2024-04-10 Alberto Maspero , Antonio Milosh Radakovic

For Stokes waves in finite depth within the neighbourhood of the Benjamin-Feir stability transition, there are two families of periodic waves, one modulationally unstable and the other stable. In this paper we show that these two families…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2024-10-24 Daniel J. Ratliff , Olga Trichtchenko , Thomas J. Bridges

We develop a numerical method based on canonical conformal variables to study two eigenvalue problems for operators fundamental to finding a Stokes wave and its stability in a 2D ideal fluid with a free surface in infinite depth. We…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-07-03 Sergey A. Dyachenko , Anastassiya Semenova

It is proven that small-amplitude steady periodic water waves with infinite depth are unstable with respect to long-wave perturbations. This modulational instability was first observed more than half a century ago by Benjamin and Feir. It…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2021-07-05 Huy Q. Nguyen , Walter A. Strauss

Euler's equations govern the behavior of gravity waves on the surface of an incompressible, inviscid, and irrotational fluid of arbitrary depth. We investigate the spectral stability of sufficiently small-amplitude, one-dimensional Stokes…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2022-03-14 Ryan Creedon , Bernard Deconinck , Olga Trichtchenko

We prove high-frequency modulational instability of small-amplitude Stokes waves in deep water under longitudinal perturbations, providing the first isola of unstable eigenvalues branching off from $\mathtt{i}\frac34$. Unlike the finite…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2024-01-29 Massimiliano Berti , Alberto Maspero , Paolo Ventura

We address Euler's equations for irrotational gravity waves in an infinitely deep fluid rewritten in conformal variables. Stokes waves are traveling waves with the smooth periodic profile. In agreement with the previous numerical results,…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2025-03-21 Sergey Dyachenko , Dmitry E. Pelinovsky

We study the spectral stability of small-amplitude Stokes waves in a family of weakly nonlinear, unidirectional models of the form $u_t + L u + (u^2)_x = 0$. We introduce a perturbation method to expand the spectral data in wave amplitude…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2026-03-17 Benjamin Akers , Ryan P. Creedon

We consider traveling waves on a surface of an ideal fluid of finite depth. The equation describing Stokes waves in conformal variables formulation are referred to as the Babenko equation. We use a Newton-Conjugate-Gradient method to…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2024-12-02 Anastassiya Semenova , Eleanor Byrnes

A Stokes wave is a traveling free-surface periodic water wave that is constant in the direction transverse to the direction of propagation. In 1981 McLean discovered via numerical methods that Stokes waves are unstable with respect to…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2026-02-20 Ryan P. Creedon , Huy Q. Nguyen , Walter A. Strauss
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