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Sentiment Analysis Systems (SASs) are data-driven Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems that, given a piece of text, assign one or more numbers conveying the polarity and emotional intensity expressed in the input. Like other automatic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Kausik Lakkaraju , Biplav Srivastava , Marco Valtorta

This study examines the effect of grammatical features in automatic essay scoring (AES). We use two kinds of grammatical features as input to an AES model: (1) grammatical items that writers used correctly in essays, and (2) the number of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Kosuke Doi , Katsuhito Sudoh , Satoshi Nakamura

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) holds significant promise in the field of education, helping educators to mark larger volumes of essays and provide timely feedback. However, Arabic AES research has been limited by the lack of publicly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Rayed Ghazawi , Edwin Simpson

In this paper, we present a new comparative study on automatic essay scoring (AES). The current state-of-the-art natural language processing (NLP) neural network architectures are used in this work to achieve above human-level accuracy on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-23 Pedro Uria Rodriguez , Amir Jafari , Christopher M. Ormerod

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) is crucial for modern education, particularly with the increasing prevalence of multimodal assessments. However, traditional AES methods struggle with evaluation generalizability and multimodal perception,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Jiamin Su , Yibo Yan , Zhuoran Gao , Han Zhang , Xiang Liu , Xuming Hu

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) plays a crucial role in educational assessment by providing scalable and consistent evaluations of writing tasks. However, traditional AES systems face three major challenges: (1) reliance on handcrafted…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Jiamin Su , Yibo Yan , Fangteng Fu , Han Zhang , Jingheng Ye , Xiang Liu , Jiahao Huo , Huiyu Zhou , Xuming Hu

The performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) is highly sensitive to the prompts they are given. Drawing inspiration from the field of prompt optimization, this study investigates the potential for enhancing Automated Essay Scoring (AES)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Keno Harada , Lui Yoshida , Takeshi Kojima , Yusuke Iwasawa , Yutaka Matsuo

Multi-trait automated essay scoring (AES) systems provide a fine-grained evaluation of an essay's diverse aspects. While they excel in scoring, prior systems fail to explain why specific trait scores are assigned. This lack of transparency…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Heejin Do , Sangwon Ryu , Gary Geunbae Lee

Automated essay scoring (AES) is a useful tool in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) writing education, offering real-time essay scores for students and instructors. However, previous AES models were trained on essays and scores irrelevant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Haneul Yoo , Jieun Han , So-Yeon Ahn , Alice Oh

Cross-prompt automated essay scoring (AES) requires the system to use non target-prompt essays to award scores to a target-prompt essay. Since obtaining a large quantity of pre-graded essays to a particular prompt is often difficult and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-05 Robert Ridley , Liang He , Xinyu Dai , Shujian Huang , Jiajun Chen

This paper presents a novel Automatic Essay Scoring (AES) algorithm tailored for the Portuguese-language essays of Brazil's Exame Nacional do Ensino M\'edio (ENEM), addressing the challenges in traditional human grading systems. Our…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Felipe Akio Matsuoka

Receiving timely and personalized feedback is essential for second-language learners, especially when human instructors are unavailable. This study explores the effectiveness of Large Language Models (LLMs), including both proprietary and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Changrong Xiao , Wenxing Ma , Qingping Song , Sean Xin Xu , Kunpeng Zhang , Yufang Wang , Qi Fu

When evaluating the performance of automatic speech recognition models, usually word error rate within a certain dataset is used. Special care must be taken in understanding the dataset in order to report realistic performance numbers. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-21 Aashish Agarwal , Torsten Zesch

Automatic speech recognition (ASR) outcomes serve as input for downstream tasks, substantially impacting the satisfaction level of end-users. Hence, the diagnosis and enhancement of the vulnerabilities present in the ASR model bear…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-29 Seonmin Koo , Chanjun Park , Jinsung Kim , Jaehyung Seo , Sugyeong Eo , Hyeonseok Moon , Heuiseok Lim

Over the past decade, deep learning (DL) has been successfully applied to many industrial domain-specific tasks. However, the current state-of-the-art DL software still suffers from quality issues, which raises great concern especially in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-04-27 Xiyue Zhang , Xiaofei Xie , Lei Ma , Xiaoning Du , Qiang Hu , Yang Liu , Jianjun Zhao , Meng Sun

We study the effects of data size and quality on the performance on Automated Essay Scoring (AES) engines that are designed in accordance with three different paradigms; A frequency and hand-crafted feature-based model, a recurrent neural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-31 Christopher Ormerod , Amir Jafari , Susan Lottridge , Milan Patel , Amy Harris , Paul van Wamelen

The objective of this study is to improve automated feedback tools designed for English Language Learners (ELLs) through the utilization of data science techniques encompassing machine learning, natural language processing, and educational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Jiaxin Huang , Xinyu Zhao , Chang Che , Qunwei Lin , Bo Liu

This study addresses critical gaps in Automated Essay Scoring (AES) systems and Large Language Models (LLMs) with regard to their ability to effectively identify and score harmful essays. Despite advancements in AES technology, current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Hongjin Kim , Jeonghyun Kang , Harksoo Kim

Policy gradient reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms have achieved impressive performance in challenging learning tasks such as continuous control, but suffer from high sample complexity. Experience replay is a commonly used approach to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-02-19 Saad Mohamad , Giovanni Montana

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have enabled zero-shot automated essay scoring (AES), providing a promising way to reduce the cost and effort of essay scoring in comparison with manual grading. However, most existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Takumi Shibata , Yuichi Miyamura