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Weak supervision (WS) is a popular approach for label-efficient learning, leveraging diverse sources of noisy but inexpensive weak labels to automatically annotate training data. Despite its wide usage, WS and its practical value are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-31 Tianyi Zhang , Linrong Cai , Jeffrey Li , Nicholas Roberts , Neel Guha , Jinoh Lee , Frederic Sala

Weak supervision (WS) frameworks are a popular way to bypass hand-labeling large datasets for training data-hungry models. These approaches synthesize multiple noisy but cheaply-acquired estimates of labels into a set of high-quality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Changho Shin , Winfred Li , Harit Vishwakarma , Nicholas Roberts , Frederic Sala

Weakly supervised anomaly detection (WSAD) has developed in three primary directions: incomplete, inexact, and inaccurate supervision. However, these directions remain isolated, lacking a unified framework to assess whether they address…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Xu Yao , Siyuan Zhou , Zhenbo Wu , Chaochuan Hou , Shuang Liang , Shiping Wang , Hailiang Huang , Songqiao Han , Minqi Jiang

Weak supervision enables efficient development of training sets by reducing the need for ground truth labels. However, the techniques that make weak supervision attractive -- such as integrating any source of signal to estimate unknown…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Changho Shin , Sonia Cromp , Dyah Adila , Frederic Sala

Labeling training data has become one of the major roadblocks to using machine learning. Among various weak supervision paradigms, programmatic weak supervision (PWS) has achieved remarkable success in easing the manual labeling bottleneck…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Jieyu Zhang , Cheng-Yu Hsieh , Yue Yu , Chao Zhang , Alexander Ratner

Creating large, good quality labeled data has become one of the major bottlenecks for developing machine learning applications. Multiple techniques have been developed to either decrease the dependence of labeled data (zero/few-shot…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-08 Abhinav Bohra , Huy Nguyen , Devashish Khatwani

To create a large amount of training labels for machine learning models effectively and efficiently, researchers have turned to Weak Supervision (WS), which uses programmatic labeling sources rather than manual annotation. Existing works of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-04 Jieyu Zhang , Yujing Wang , Yaming Yang , Yang Luo , Alexander Ratner

In many applications, training machine learning models involves using large amounts of human-annotated data. Obtaining precise labels for the data is expensive. Instead, training with weak supervision provides a low-cost alternative. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-09 Chidubem Arachie , Bert Huang

Weak supervision (WS) is a rich set of techniques that produce pseudolabels by aggregating easily obtained but potentially noisy label estimates from a variety of sources. WS is theoretically well understood for binary classification, where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Harit Vishwakarma , Nicholas Roberts , Frederic Sala

Aggregating multiple sources of weak supervision (WS) can ease the data-labeling bottleneck prevalent in many machine learning applications, by replacing the tedious manual collection of ground truth labels. Current state of the art…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-01 Salva Rühling Cachay , Benedikt Boecking , Artur Dubrawski

Weak supervision (WS) is a powerful method to build labeled datasets for training supervised models in the face of little-to-no labeled data. It replaces hand-labeling data with aggregating multiple noisy-but-cheap label estimates expressed…

Efficient data annotation stands as a significant bottleneck in training contemporary machine learning models. The Programmatic Weak Supervision (PWS) pipeline presents a solution by utilizing multiple weak supervision sources to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Naiqing Guan , Nick Koudas

The field of Weakly Supervised Learning (WSL) has recently seen a surge of popularity, with numerous papers addressing different types of "supervision deficiencies", namely: poor quality, non adaptability, and insufficient quantity of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Pierre Nodet , Vincent Lemaire , Alexis Bondu , Antoine Cornuéjols

To reduce the human annotation efforts, the programmatic weak supervision (PWS) paradigm abstracts weak supervision sources as labeling functions (LFs) and involves a label model to aggregate the output of multiple LFs to produce training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-09 Renzhi Wu , Shen-En Chen , Jieyu Zhang , Xu Chu

Building machine learning models for natural language understanding (NLU) tasks relies heavily on labeled data. Weak supervision has been proven valuable when large amount of labeled data is unavailable or expensive to obtain. Existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Guoqing Zheng , Giannis Karamanolakis , Kai Shu , Ahmed Hassan Awadallah

We introduce Integrated Weak Learning, a principled framework that integrates weak supervision into the training process of machine learning models. Our approach jointly trains the end-model and a label model that aggregates multiple…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Peter Hayes , Mingtian Zhang , Raza Habib , Jordan Burgess , Emine Yilmaz , David Barber

Programmatic Weak Supervision (PWS) enables supervised model training without direct access to ground truth labels, utilizing weak labels from heuristics, crowdsourcing, or pre-trained models. However, the absence of ground truth…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-11-01 Felipe Maia Polo , Subha Maity , Mikhail Yurochkin , Moulinath Banerjee , Yuekai Sun

As machine learning models continue to increase in complexity, collecting large hand-labeled training sets has become one of the biggest roadblocks in practice. Instead, weaker forms of supervision that provide noisier but cheaper labels…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-12-10 Alexander Ratner , Braden Hancock , Jared Dunnmon , Frederic Sala , Shreyash Pandey , Christopher Ré

Creating labeled training sets has become one of the major roadblocks in machine learning. To address this, recent \emph{Weak Supervision (WS)} frameworks synthesize training labels from multiple potentially noisy supervision sources.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-16 Jieyu Zhang , Bohan Wang , Xiangchen Song , Yujing Wang , Yaming Yang , Jing Bai , Alexander Ratner

We present skweak, a versatile, Python-based software toolkit enabling NLP developers to apply weak supervision to a wide range of NLP tasks. Weak supervision is an emerging machine learning paradigm based on a simple idea: instead of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-18 Pierre Lison , Jeremy Barnes , Aliaksandr Hubin
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