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The Universal Approximation Theorem posits that neural networks can theoretically possess unlimited approximation capacity with a suitable activation function and a freely chosen or trained set of parameters. However, a more practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Li Liu , Tengchao Yu , Heng Yong

Universal approximation theory offers a foundational framework to verify neural network expressiveness, enabling principled utilization in real-world applications. However, most existing theoretical constructions are established by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 ZeYu Li , ShiJun Zhang , TieYong Zeng , FengLei Fan

We study the approximation properties of neural ordinary differential equations (neural ODEs) in the space of continuous functions. Since a neural ODE requires input and output dimensions to be the same, while input and output dimensions of…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-04-08 Arturo De Marinis , Davide Murari , Elena Celledoni , Nicola Guglielmi , Brynjulf Owren , Francesco Tudisco

This paper develops simple feed-forward neural networks that achieve the universal approximation property for all continuous functions with a fixed finite number of neurons. These neural networks are simple because they are designed with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-10 Zuowei Shen , Haizhao Yang , Shijun Zhang

The celebrated universal approximation theorems for neural networks roughly state that any reasonable function can be arbitrarily well-approximated by a network whose parameters are appropriately chosen real numbers. This paper examines the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-17 C. Sinan Güntürk , Weilin Li

While classic studies proved that wide networks allow universal approximation, recent research and successes of deep learning demonstrate the power of deep networks. Based on a symmetric consideration, we investigate if the design of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Feng-Lei Fan , Rongjie Lai , Ge Wang

We obtain a new universal approximation theorem for continuous (possibly nonlinear) operators on arbitrary Banach spaces using the Leray-Schauder mapping. Moreover, we introduce and study a method for operator learning in Banach spaces…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-03-17 Emanuele Zappala

This paper investigates the universal approximation capabilities of Hamiltonian Deep Neural Networks (HDNNs) that arise from the discretization of Hamiltonian Neural Ordinary Differential Equations. Recently, it has been shown that HDNNs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Muhammad Zakwan , Massimiliano d'Angelo , Giancarlo Ferrari-Trecate

This paper establishes the (nearly) optimal approximation error characterization of deep rectified linear unit (ReLU) networks for smooth functions in terms of both width and depth simultaneously. To that end, we first prove that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Jianfeng Lu , Zuowei Shen , Haizhao Yang , Shijun Zhang

The study of universal approximation properties (UAP) for neural networks (NN) has a long history. When the network width is unlimited, only a single hidden layer is sufficient for UAP. In contrast, when the depth is unlimited, the width…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-02 Li'ang Li , Yifei Duan , Guanghua Ji , Yongqiang Cai

The universal approximation property of width-bounded networks has been studied as a dual of classical universal approximation results on depth-bounded networks. However, the critical width enabling the universal approximation has not been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-17 Sejun Park , Chulhee Yun , Jaeho Lee , Jinwoo Shin

The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is one of the most prominent neural network architectures in deep learning. Despite its widespread adoption, our understanding of its universal approximation properties has been limited due to its…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Geonho Hwang , Myungjoo Kang

In studying the expressiveness of neural networks, an important question is whether there are functions which can only be approximated by sufficiently deep networks, assuming their size is bounded. However, for constant depths, existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-29 Gal Vardi , Ohad Shamir

The classical development of neural networks has primarily focused on learning mappings between finite dimensional Euclidean spaces or finite sets. We propose a generalization of neural networks to learn operators, termed neural operators,…

Universal approximation theorems provide a mathematical explanation for the expressive power of neural networks. They assert that, under mild conditions on the activation function, feedforward neural networks are dense in broad function…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Soumendu Sundar Mukherjee , Himasish Talukdar

Neural operator architectures approximate operators between infinite-dimensional Banach spaces of functions. They are gaining increased attention in computational science and engineering, due to their potential both to accelerate…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-06-18 Samuel Lanthaler , Zongyi Li , Andrew M. Stuart

Universal approximation theorem suggests that a shallow neural network can approximate any function. The input to neurons at each layer is a weighted sum of previous layer neurons and then an activation is applied. These activation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-30 Bhaavan Goel

We generalize the classical universal approximation theorem for neural networks to the case of complex-valued neural networks. Precisely, we consider feedforward networks with a complex activation function $\sigma : \mathbb{C} \to…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2022-12-13 Felix Voigtlaender

Universality results for equivariant neural networks remain rare. Those that do exist typically hold only in restrictive settings: either they rely on regular or higher-order tensor representations, leading to impractically high-dimensional…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-20 Marco Pacini , Mircea Petrache , Bruno Lepri , Shubhendu Trivedi , Robin Walters

Recently, the authors of \cite{SYZ22} developed a neural network with width $36d(2d + 1)$ and depth $11$, which utilizes a special activation function called the elementary universal activation function, to achieve the super approximation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Ayan Maiti , Michelle Michelle , Haizhao Yang