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Traditional multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithms, such as independent Q-learning, struggle when presented with partially observable scenarios, and where agents are required to develop delicate action sequences. This is often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-21 F. Bredell , H. A. Engelbrecht , J. C. Schoeman

Cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) approaches tackle the challenge of finding effective multi-agent cooperation strategies for accomplishing individual or shared objectives in multi-agent teams. In real-world scenarios,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Yasin Findik , Paul Robinette , Kshitij Jerath , S. Reza Ahmadzadeh

Multi-agent reinforcement learning tasks put a high demand on the volume of training samples. Different from its single-agent counterpart, distributed value-based multi-agent reinforcement learning faces the unique challenges of demanding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-06 Siyang Wu , Tonghan Wang , Chenghao Li , Yang Hu , Chongjie Zhang

Recent Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) literature has been largely focused on Centralized Training with Decentralized Execution (CTDE) paradigm. CTDE has been a dominant approach for both cooperative and mixed environments due to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-31 Vladimir Egorov , Aleksei Shpilman

Multi-agent systems (MAS) have shown great potential in executing complex tasks, but coordination and safety remain significant challenges. Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) offers a promising framework for agent collaboration, but…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Ziqi Jia , Junjie Li , Xiaoyang Qu , Jianzong Wang

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) is a widely used technique for optimization in decentralised control problems. However, most applications of MARL are in static environments, and are not suitable when agent behaviour and…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2014-09-17 Andrei Marinescu , Ivana Dusparic , Adam Taylor , Vinny Cahill , Siobhán Clarke

Despite substantial progress in applying neural networks (NN) to multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) areas, they still largely suffer from a lack of transparency and interoperability. However, its implicit cooperative mechanism is not…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Zhonghan Ge , Yuanyang Zhu , Chunlin Chen

Learning cooperative multi-agent policies directly from high-dimensional, multimodal sensory inputs like pixels and audio (from pixels) is notoriously sample-inefficient. Model-free Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) algorithms…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Sureyya Akin , Kavita Srivastava , Prateek B. Kapoor , Pradeep G. Sethi , Sunita Q. Patel , Rahu Srivastava

Much work has been dedicated to the exploration of Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) paradigms implementing a centralized learning with decentralized execution (CLDE) approach to achieve human-like collaboration in cooperative…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-07-26 Piyush K. Sharma , Rolando Fernandez , Erin Zaroukian , Michael Dorothy , Anjon Basak , Derrik E. Asher

In a multirobot system, a number of cyber-physical attacks (e.g., communication hijack, observation perturbations) can challenge the robustness of agents. This robustness issue worsens in multiagent reinforcement learning because there…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-15 Chuangchuang Sun , Dong-Ki Kim , Jonathan P. How

This work focuses on the credit assignment problem in cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL). Sharing the global advantage among agents often leads to insufficient policy optimization, as it fails to capture the coalitional…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Mengda Ji , Genjiu Xu , Keke Jia , Zekun Duan , Yong Qiu , Jianjun Ge , Mingqiang Li

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has attracted much research attention recently. However, unlike its single-agent counterpart, many theoretical and algorithmic aspects of MARL have not been well-understood. In this paper, we study…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-08 Siliang Zeng , Tianyi Chen , Alfredo Garcia , Mingyi Hong

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) has shown clear effectiveness in coordinating multiple agents across simulated benchmarks and constrained scenarios. However, its deployment in real-world multi-agent systems (MAS) remains limited,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Siyi Hu , Mohamad A Hady , Jianglin Qiao , Jimmy Cao , Mahardhika Pratama , Ryszard Kowalczyk

Multiagent reinforcement learning algorithms (MARL) have been demonstrated on complex tasks that require the coordination of a team of multiple agents to complete. Existing works have focused on sharing information between agents via…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-18 Samir Wadhwania , Dong-Ki Kim , Shayegan Omidshafiei , Jonathan P. How

In Cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) and under the setting of Centralized Training with Decentralized Execution (CTDE), agents observe and interact with their environment locally and independently. With local observation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-24 Jian Hu , Seth Austin Harding , Haibin Wu , Siyue Hu , Shih-wei Liao

In fully cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) settings, environments are highly stochastic due to the partial observability of each agent and the continuously changing policies of other agents. To address the above issues,…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Wei-Fang Sun , Cheng-Kuang Lee , Simon See , Chun-Yi Lee

Spatial public goods games model collective dilemmas where individual payoffs depend on population-level strategy configurations. Most existing studies rely on evolutionary update rules or value-based reinforcement learning methods. These…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Zhaoqilin Yang , Axin Xiang , Kedi Yang , Tianjun Liu , Youliang Tian

Cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) is typically framed as a decentralised partially observable Markov decision process (Dec-POMDP), a setting whose hardness stems from two key challenges: partial observability and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Kale-ab Tessera , Leonard Hinckeldey , Riccardo Zamboni , David Abel , Amos Storkey

Scalable Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) is fundamentally challenged by the curse of dimensionality. A common solution is to exploit locality, which hinges on an Exponential Decay Property (EDP) of the value function. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Sourav Chakraborty , Amit Kiran Rege , Claire Monteleoni , Lijun Chen

Decentralized Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) methods allow for learning scalable multi-agent policies, but suffer from partial observability and induced non-stationarity. These challenges can be addressed by introducing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Tommaso Marzi , Cesare Alippi , Andrea Cini