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Here, we ask a simple question, i.e. "at what cosmic time, at the earliest, did life first appear in the universe?" Given what we know about the universe today, there may be some partial answers to this question, but much will still have to…

Popular Physics · Physics 2020-09-04 René Liseau

Physics education research has probed for the relevance of physics in students' everyday lives. Attitudinal and epistemological surveys have asked students if they think of or use physics in their daily lives. We have previously documented…

Physics Education · Physics 2022-07-06 Abhilash Nair , Vashti Sawtelle

The science of complexity is far from being fully understood and even its foundations are not well established. On the other hand, during the last decade, the random motion of particles or waves - the so-called diffusion - has been known…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-08-14 Guilherme R. Rezende , Luciano C. Lapas , Fernando A. Oliveira

The most striking observable feature of our indeterministic quantum universe is the wide range of time, place, and scale on which the deterministic laws of classical physics hold to an excellent approximation. This essay describes how this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-05-23 James B. Hartle

Physics has long lived with a schizophrenia that desires determinism for measured systems while demanding that experimenters decide what to measure on a whim. Intriguingly, such a free will assumption for experimenters has thwarted many…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2012-11-09 Joseph J. Bisognano

We revisit the vexed question of how unpredictability can arise in a deterministic universe, focusing on unitary quantum theory. We discuss why quantum unpredictability is irrelevant for the possibility of what some people call `free-will',…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2022-10-18 Chiara Marletto , Vlatko Vedral

Charles L. Dodgson, also known as Lewis Carroll, in his book "Pillow problems" from 1893 asked for the likelihood of a random triangle to be obtuse. Clearly, the answer to Dodgson's question depends strongly on the assumed random…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-08-27 Theodore D. Drivas , Michael Retakh

If quantum mechanics is taken for granted the randomness derived from it may be vacuous or even delusional, yet sufficient for many practical purposes. "Random" quantum events are intimately related to the emergence of both space-time as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-27 Karl Svozil

An introductory account is given of the understanding of the structure of the universe. At present the most plausible theory of the origin of the universe is that it formed from the explosion of an extremely hot and dense fireball several…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 H. J. Haubold , A. M. Mathai

Research investigating the origins of life usually focuses on exploring possible life-bearing chemistries in the pre-biotic Earth, or else on synthetic approaches. Little work has been done exploring fundamental issues concerning the…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2015-06-24 Christoph Adami

In the modern quantum mechanics of cosmology observers are physical systems within the universe. They have no preferred role in the formulation of the theory nor in its predictions of third person probabilities of what occurs. However,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-01-18 James Hartle , Thomas Hertog

It is said that there are no accidents or coincidences in physics. Within the minimal standard model combined with general relativity we point out that there are three exceptionally-long lifetimes which are consistent with being equal, and…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2017-04-11 Paul H. Frampton , Holger B. Nielsen

Our Universe is a vast, tantalizing enigma - a mystery that has aroused humankind's innate curiosity for eons. Begging questions on alien lifeforms have been thus far unfruitful, even with the bounding advancements we have embarked upon in…

Popular Physics · Physics 2023-02-20 Jonathan H. Jiang , Philip E. Rosen , Kelly Lu , Kristen A. Fahy , Piotr Obacz

How to generate provably true randomness with minimal assumptions? This question is important not only for the efficiency and the security of information processing, but also for understanding how extremely unpredictable events are possible…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-18 Kai-Min Chung , Yaoyun Shi , Xiaodi Wu

One of the most interesting unsolved questions in science today is the question of life on other planets. At the present time it is safe to say that we do not have much of an idea as to whether life is common or exceedingly rare in the…

Popular Physics · Physics 2008-08-21 Brendon J. Brewer

Emergence is a phenomenon taken for granted in science but also still not well understood. We have developed a model of artificial genetic evolution intended to allow for emergence on genetic, population and social levels. We present the…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2015-05-19 Chris Marriott , Jobran Chebib

Evidence for fine-tuning of physical parameters suitable for life can perhaps be explained by almost any combination of providence, coincidence or multiverse. A multiverse usually includes parts unobservable to us, but if the theory for it…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 Don N. Page

The observed value $\Lambda_{\rm obs}$ of the cosmological constant $\Lambda$ is extremely smaller than theoretical expectations, and the anthropic argument has been proposed as a solution to this problem because galaxies do not form when…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2019-10-09 Tomonori Totani , Hidetoshi Omiya , Takahiro Sudoh , Masakazu A. R. Kobayashi , Masahiro Nagashima

For a flat universe presently dominated by smooth energy, either cosmological constant (LCDM) or quintessence (QCDM), we calculate the asymptotic collapsed mass fraction as function of the present ratio of smooth energy to matter energy…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-10-31 Sidney Bludman , Matts Roos

We propose a novel definition of life in terms of which its emergence in the universe is expected, and its ever-creative open-ended evolution is entailed by no law. Living organisms are Kantian Wholes that achieve Catalytic Closure,…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2024-04-11 Stuart Kauffman , Andrea Roli