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Watermarking schemes for large language models (LLMs) have been proposed to identify the source of the generated text, mitigating the potential threats emerged from model theft. However, current watermarking solutions hardly resolve the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Haohua Duan , Liyao Xiang , Xin Zhang

In recent years, data poisoning attacks have been increasingly designed to appear harmless and even beneficial, often with the intention of verifying dataset ownership or safeguarding private data from unauthorized use. However, these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Yifan Zhu , Lijia Yu , Xiao-Shan Gao

Watermarking generative content serves as a vital tool for authentication, ownership protection, and mitigation of potential misuse. Existing watermarking methods face the challenge of balancing robustness and concealment. They empirically…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Huayang Huang , Yu Wu , Qian Wang

Potential harms of large language models can be mitigated by watermarking model output, i.e., embedding signals into generated text that are invisible to humans but algorithmically detectable from a short span of tokens. We propose a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-03 John Kirchenbauer , Jonas Geiping , Yuxin Wen , Jonathan Katz , Ian Miers , Tom Goldstein

Multiple watermarking technique, embedding several watermarks in one carrier, has enabled many interesting applications. In this study, a novel multiple watermarking algorithm is proposed based on the spirit of spread transform dither…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2016-01-19 Xinchao Li , Ju Liu , Jiande Sun , Xiaohui Yang , Wei Liu

We study multi-bit watermarking for data generated by stochastic processes, where a hidden message is embedded during sampling and must be decodable by an authorized detector that possesses side information unavailable to unauthorized…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Haiyun He , Yepeng Liu , Zhuoer Shen , Ziqiao Wang , Yongyi Mao , Yuheng Bu

With the widespread deployment of deep neural network (DNN) models, dynamic watermarking techniques are being used to protect the intellectual property of model owners. However, recent studies have shown that existing watermarking schemes…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Brian Choi , Shu Wang , Isabelle Choi , Kun Sun

A new watermarking algorithm is given, it is based on the so-called chaotic iterations and on the choice of some coefficients which are deduced from the description of the carrier medium. After defining these coefficients, chaotic discrete…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2008-10-28 Jacques M. Bahi , Christophe Guyeux

Digital Photo images are everywhere around us in journals, on walls, and over the Internet. However we have to be conscious that seeing does not always imply reality. Photo images become a rich subject of manipulations due to the advanced…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Ahmad M. Nagm , Mohamed Torky , Khaled Y. Youssef

We propose a new method to embed data in binary images, including scanned text, figures, and signatures. Our method relies on the concept of wet paper codes. The shuffling before embedding is used in order to equalize irregular embedding…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2008-08-20 Michail Zubarev , Valery Korzhik , Guillermo Morales-Luna

With the rise of data-driven methods for traffic forecasting, accident prediction, and profiling driving behavior, personal GPS trajectory data has become an essential asset for businesses and emerging data markets. However, as personal…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-16 Rajjat Dadwal , Thorben Funke , Michael Nüsken , Elena Demidova

The Large Language Model (LLM) watermark is a newly emerging technique that shows promise in addressing concerns surrounding LLM copyright, monitoring AI-generated text, and preventing its misuse. The LLM watermark scheme commonly includes…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Zhaoxi Zhang , Xiaomei Zhang , Yanjun Zhang , Leo Yu Zhang , Chao Chen , Shengshan Hu , Asif Gill , Shirui Pan

Text watermarking for Large Language Models (LLMs) has made significant progress in detecting LLM outputs and preventing misuse. Current watermarking techniques offer high detectability, minimal impact on text quality, and robustness to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Aiwei Liu , Sheng Guan , Yiming Liu , Leyi Pan , Yifei Zhang , Liancheng Fang , Lijie Wen , Philip S. Yu , Xuming Hu

The malicious applications of deep forgery, represented by face swapping, have introduced security threats such as misinformation dissemination and identity fraud. While some research has proposed the use of robust watermarking methods to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Yunming Zhang , Dengpan Ye , Caiyun Xie , Long Tang , Chuanxi Chen , Ziyi Liu , Jiacheng Deng

Internet is one of the most valuable resources for information communication and retrievals. Most multimedia signals today are in digital formats. The digital data can be duplicated and edited with great ease which has led to a need for…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2013-05-01 Rupa Patel , Urmila Shrawankar , V. M Thakare

Due to the distributed nature of Federated Learning (FL) systems, each local client has access to the global model, which poses a critical risk of model leakage. Existing works have explored injecting watermarks into local models to enable…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jiahao Xu , Rui Hu , Olivera Kotevska , Zikai Zhang

Watermarking of language model outputs enables statistical detection of model-generated text, which can mitigate harms and misuses of language models. Existing watermarking strategies operate by altering the decoder of an existing language…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Chenchen Gu , Xiang Lisa Li , Percy Liang , Tatsunori Hashimoto

Large Language Model (LLM) watermarking is crucial for establishing the provenance of machine-generated text, but most existing methods rely on a centralized trust model. This model forces users to reveal potentially sensitive text to a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Xiaokun Luan , Yihao Zhang , Pengcheng Su , Feiran Lei , Meng Sun

Digital Watermarking is an extremely wide aspect of information security, either by its applications, by its properties, or by its designs. In particular, a lot of research has been made about video watermarking and it can make it quite…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-08-26 Romain Artru , Alexandre Gouaillard , Touradj Ebrahimi

Watermarking and fingerprinting of relational databases are quite proficient for ownership protection, tamper proofing, and proving data integrity. In past few years several such techniques have been proposed. A survey of almost all the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-01-26 Muhammad Kamran , Muddassar Farooq