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Training Deep Neural Networks is complicated by the fact that the distribution of each layer's inputs changes during training, as the parameters of the previous layers change. This slows down the training by requiring lower learning rates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-03-03 Sergey Ioffe , Christian Szegedy

Batch normalization (BN) is a milestone technique in deep learning. It normalizes the activation using mini-batch statistics during training but the estimated population statistics during inference. This paper focuses on investigating the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Lei Huang , Yi Zhou , Tian Wang , Jie Luo , Xianglong Liu

Accurate morphological classification of white blood cells (WBCs) is an important step in the diagnosis of leukemia, a disease in which nonfunctional blast cells accumulate in the bone marrow. Recently, deep convolutional neural networks…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-19 Rao Muhammad Umer , Armin Gruber , Sayedali Shetab Boushehri , Christian Metak , Carsten Marr

The fast execution speed and energy efficiency of analog hardware has made them a strong contender for deployment of deep learning model at the edge. However, there are concerns about the presence of analog noise which causes changes to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Omobayode Fagbohungbe , Lijun Qian

Batch Normalization (BN), a widely-used technique in neural networks, enhances generalization and expedites training by normalizing each mini-batch to the same mean and variance. However, its effectiveness diminishes when confronted with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Bilal Faye , Mustapha Lebbah , Hanane Azzag

Batch Normalization (BN) has become a cornerstone of deep learning across diverse architectures, appearing to help optimization as well as generalization. While the idea makes intuitive sense, theoretical analysis of its effectiveness has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-11 Sanjeev Arora , Zhiyuan Li , Kaifeng Lyu

Batch normalization (BN) has become a de facto standard for training deep convolutional networks. However, BN accounts for a significant fraction of training run-time and is difficult to accelerate, since it is a memory-bandwidth bounded…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-10-10 Igor Gitman , Boris Ginsburg

Normalization like Batch Normalization (BN) is a milestone technique to normalize the distributions of intermediate layers in deep learning, enabling faster training and better generalization accuracy. However, in fidelity image…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-30 Jie Liu , Jie Tang , Gangshan Wu

Image classification datasets are often imbalanced, characteristic that negatively affects the accuracy of deep-learning classifiers. In this work we propose balancing GAN (BAGAN) as an augmentation tool to restore balance in imbalanced…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-06-06 Giovanni Mariani , Florian Scheidegger , Roxana Istrate , Costas Bekas , Cristiano Malossi

Batch Normalization (BN) has been proven to be quite effective at accelerating and improving the training of deep neural networks (DNNs). However, BN brings additional computation, consumes more memory and generally slows down the training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-23 Shuang Wu , Guoqi Li , Lei Deng , Liu Liu , Yuan Xie , Luping Shi

Batch Normalization (BN)(Ioffe and Szegedy 2015) normalizes the features of an input image via statistics of a batch of images and hence BN will bring the noise to the gradient of the training loss. Previous works indicate that the noise is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-19 Senwei Liang , Zhongzhan Huang , Mingfu Liang , Haizhao Yang

The learning of the deep networks largely relies on the data with human-annotated labels. In some label insufficient situations, the performance degrades on the decision boundary with high data density. A common solution is to directly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-03-30 Shuhao Cui , Shuhui Wang , Junbao Zhuo , Liang Li , Qingming Huang , Qi Tian

Face recognition has witnessed significant progress due to the advances of deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs), the central task of which is how to improve the feature discrimination. To this end, several margin-based (\textit{e.g.},…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-12-03 Xiaobo Wang , Shifeng Zhang , Shuo Wang , Tianyu Fu , Hailin Shi , Tao Mei

Batch normalization (BN) is a popular and ubiquitous method in deep learning that has been shown to decrease training time and improve generalization performance of neural networks. Despite its success, BN is not theoretically well…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-21 Susanna Lange , Kyle Helfrich , Qiang Ye

Batch Normalization (BN) is essential to effectively train state-of-the-art deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). It normalizes inputs to the layers during training using the statistics of each mini-batch. In this work, we study BN from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-16 Mahdi M. Kalayeh , Mubarak Shah

Batch normalization (BN) is a key facilitator and considered essential for state-of-the-art binary neural networks (BNN). However, the BN layer is costly to calculate and is typically implemented with non-binary parameters, leaving a hurdle…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-19 Tianlong Chen , Zhenyu Zhang , Xu Ouyang , Zechun Liu , Zhiqiang Shen , Zhangyang Wang

Intriguing empirical evidence exists that deep learning can work well with exoticschedules for varying the learning rate. This paper suggests that the phenomenon may be due to Batch Normalization or BN, which is ubiquitous and provides…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-22 Zhiyuan Li , Sanjeev Arora

In medical image classification tasks, it is common to find that the number of normal samples far exceeds the number of abnormal samples. In such class-imbalanced situations, reliable training of deep neural networks continues to be a major…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-06 Sivaramakrishnan Rajaraman , Prasanth Ganesan , Sameer Antani

Batch Normalization is an important approach to advancing deep learning since it allows multiple networks to train simultaneously. A problem arises when normalizing along the batch dimension because B.N.'s error increases significantly as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Gousia Habib , Ishfaq Ahmed Malik , Jameel Ahmad , Imtiaz Ahmed , Shaima Qureshi

Training of deep neural networks heavily depends on the data distribution. In particular, the networks easily suffer from class imbalance. The trained networks would recognize the frequent classes better than the infrequent classes. To…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-03-12 Byungju Kim , Junmo Kim