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Large language models (LLMs) are a promising venue for natural language understanding and generation tasks. However, current LLMs are far from reliable: they are prone to generate non-factual information and, more crucially, to contradict…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Diego Calanzone , Stefano Teso , Antonio Vergari

Given that rich information is hidden behind ubiquitous numbers in text, numerical reasoning over text should be an essential skill of AI systems. To derive precise equations to solve numerical reasoning problems, previous work focused on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Zhihong Shao , Fei Huang , Minlie Huang

Transformers have been shown to be able to perform deductive reasoning on a logical rulebase containing rules and statements written in English natural language. While the progress is promising, it is currently unclear if these models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-09 Soumya Sanyal , Zeyi Liao , Xiang Ren

Aiming at efficient and dense chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning, latent reasoning methods fine-tune Large Language Models (LLMs) to substitute discrete language tokens with continuous latent tokens. These methods consume fewer tokens…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Zhi Zheng , Wee Sun Lee

Reasoning and inference are central to human and artificial intelligence. Modeling inference in human language is very challenging. With the availability of large annotated data (Bowman et al., 2015), it has recently become feasible to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-03-04 Qian Chen , Xiaodan Zhu , Zhenhua Ling , Si Wei , Hui Jiang , Diana Inkpen

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at understanding natural language but struggle with explicit commonsense reasoning. A recent trend of research suggests that the combination of LLM with robust symbolic reasoning systems can overcome this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Manuel Borroto , Katie Gallagher , Antonio Ielo , Irfan Kareem , Francesco Ricca , Alessandra Russo

This paper outlines a general formal framework for reasoning systems, intended to support future analysis of inference architectures across domains. We model reasoning systems as structured tuples comprising phenomena, explanation space,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Saleh Nikooroo , Thomas Engel

Traditional neural networks have an impressive classification performance, but what they learn cannot be inspected, verified or extracted. Neural Logic Networks on the other hand have an interpretable structure that enables them to learn a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Vincent Perreault , Katsumi Inoue , Richard Labib , Alain Hertz

When prompted with a few examples and intermediate steps, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance in various reasoning tasks. However, prompting methods that rely on implicit knowledge in an LLM often generate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Zhaocheng Zhu , Yuan Xue , Xinyun Chen , Denny Zhou , Jian Tang , Dale Schuurmans , Hanjun Dai

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant potential in generating mathematical proofs. However, a persistent challenge is that LLMs occasionally make mistakes, while even a minor mistake can invalidate an entire proof.…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-03-10 David Yin , Jing Gao

We propose $\mathcal{T}$ruth $\mathcal{T}$able net ($\mathcal{TT}$net), a novel Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture that addresses, by design, the open challenges of interpretability, formal verification, and logic gate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-03 Adrien Benamira , Tristan Guérand , Thomas Peyrin , Trevor Yap , Bryan Hooi

We explore the application of transformer-based language models to automated theorem proving. This work is motivated by the possibility that a major limitation of automated theorem provers compared to humans -- the generation of original…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-09 Stanislas Polu , Ilya Sutskever

The human brain has the ability to carry out new tasks with limited experience. It utilizes prior learning experiences to adapt the solution strategy to new domains. On the other hand, deep neural networks (DNNs) generally need large…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-02-17 Shayan Hassantabar , Prerit Terway , Niraj K. Jha

Deductive reasoning is the process of deriving conclusions strictly from the given premises, without relying on external knowledge. We define honesty in this setting as a model's ability to respond only when the conclusion is logically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Jiarui Liu , Kaustubh Dhole , Yingheng Wang , Haoyang Wen , Sarah Zhang , Haitao Mao , Gaotang Li , Neeraj Varshney , Jingguo Liu , Xiaoman Pan

Probabilistic logic reasoning is a central component of such cognitive architectures as OpenCog. However, as an integrative architecture, OpenCog facilitates cognitive synergy via hybridization of different inference methods. In this paper,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-07-11 Alexey Potapov , Anatoly Belikov , Vitaly Bogdanov , Alexander Scherbatiy

Auto-formalization (AF) translates natural-language reasoning problems into solver-executable programs, enabling symbolic solvers to perform sound logical deduction. In practice, however, AF pipelines are currently brittle: programs may…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Zhiyu Ni , Zheng Liang , Liangcheng Song , Chenrui Cao , Xian Zhang , Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli , Pierluigi Nuzzo

Humans prove theorems by relying on substantial high-level reasoning and problem-specific insights. Proof assistants offer a formalism that resembles human mathematical reasoning, representing theorems in higher-order logic and proofs as…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-05-24 Kaiyu Yang , Jia Deng

Generating coherent and credible explanations remains a significant challenge in the field of AI. In recent years, researchers have delved into the utilization of entailment trees to depict explanations, which exhibit a reasoning process of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Li Yuan , Yi Cai , Haopeng Ren , Jiexin Wang

The AHP/ANP are multicriteria decision-making theories that deal with both hierarchic structures when the criteria are independent of the alternatives and with networks when there is any dependence within and between elements of the…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2016-06-23 Thomas Saaty , Konrad Kułakowski

This paper proposes a new paradigm for learning a set of independent logical rules in disjunctive normal form as an interpretable model for classification. We consider the problem of learning an interpretable decision rule set as training a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-15 Litao Qiao , Weijia Wang , Bill Lin