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We introduce the Stackelberg kidney exchange problem. In this problem, an agent (e.g. a hospital or a national organization) has control over a number of incompatible patient-donor pairs whose patients are in need of a transplant. The agent…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-07-08 Bart Smeulders , Danny Blom , Frits C. R. Spieksma

We introduce partitioned matching games as a suitable model for international kidney exchange programmes, where in each round the total number of available kidney transplants needs to be distributed amongst the participating countries in a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Márton Benedek , Péter Biró , Walter Kern , Dömötör Pálvölgyi , Daniël Paulusma

The study of matching theory has gained importance recently with applications in Kidney Exchange, House Allocation, School Choice etc. The general theme of these problems is to allocate goods in a fair manner amongst participating agents.…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-02-10 Shyam Chandramouli , Jay Sethuraman

A kidney exchange is a centrally-administered barter market where patients swap their willing yet incompatible donors. Modern kidney exchanges use 2-cycles, 3-cycles, and chains initiated by non-directed donors (altruists who are willing to…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2017-05-29 Gabriele Farina , John P. Dickerson , Tuomas Sandholm

The kidney exchange mechanism allows many patient-donor pairs who are otherwise incompatible with each other to come together and exchange kidneys along a cycle. However, due to infrastructure and legal constraints, kidney exchange can only…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Aritra Banik , Sujoy Bhore , Palash Dey , Abhishek Sahu

Medical institutions are considering the use of LLMs in high-stakes clinical decision-making, such as organ allocation. In such sensitive use cases, evaluating fairness is imperative. However, existing evaluation methods often fall short;…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Brian Hyeongseok Kim , Hannah Murray , Isabelle Lee , Jason Byun , Joshua Lum , Dani Yogatama , Evi Micha

Motivated by kidney exchange, we study a stochastic cycle and chain packing problem, where we aim to identify structures in a directed graph to maximize the expectation of matched edge weights. All edges are subject to failure, and the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-07-08 Hoda Bidkhori , John P Dickerson , Duncan C McElfresh , Ke Ren

Each year, thousands of patients in need of heart transplants face life-threatening wait times due to organ scarcity. While allocation policies aim to maximize population-level outcomes, current approaches often fail to account for the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Itai Zilberstein , Ioannis Anagnostides , Zachary W. Sollie , Arman Kilic , Tuomas Sandholm

Kidney exchange programs among hospitals in the United States and across European countries improve efficiency by pooling donors and patients on a centralized platform. Sustaining such cooperation requires stability. When the core is empty,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Gergely Csáji , Thánh Nguyen

Traditional algorithmic fairness notions rely on label feedback, which can only be elicited from expert critics. However, in most practical applications, several non-expert stakeholders also play a major role in the system and can have…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Mukund Telukunta , Venkata Sriram Siddhardh Nadendla

The burgeoning need for kidney transplantation mandates immediate attention. Mismatch of deceased donor-recipient kidney leads to post-transplant death. To ensure ideal kidney donor-recipient match and minimize post-transplant deaths, the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-08-22 Ehsan Khan , Avishek Choudhury , Amy L Friedman , Daehan Won

In response to the pressing challenge of kidney allocation, characterized by growing demands for organs, this research sets out to develop a data-driven solution to this problem, which also incorporates stakeholder values. The primary…

In barter exchanges agents enter seeking to swap their items for other items on their wishlist. We consider a centralized barter exchange with a set of agents and items where each item has a positive value. The goal is to compute a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Juan Luque , Sharmila Duppala , John Dickerson , Aravind Srinivasan

Kidney exchange is a barter market where patients trade willing but medically incompatible donors. These trades occur via cycles, where each patient-donor pair both gives and receives a kidney, and via chains, which begin with an altruistic…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-06-02 Benjamin Plaut , John P. Dickerson , Tuomas Sandholm

This paper introduces a new learning-based approach for approximately solving the Kidney-Exchange Problem (KEP), an NP-hard problem on graphs. The problem consists of, given a pool of kidney donors and patients waiting for kidney donations,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-21 Pedro Foletto Pimenta , Pedro H. C. Avelar , Luis C. Lamb

Current kidney exchange pools are of moderate size and thin, as they consist of many highly sensitized patients. Creating a thicker pool can be done by waiting for many pairs to arrive. We analyze a simple class of matching algorithms that…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2013-04-03 Itai Ashlagi , Patrick Jaillet , Vahideh H. Manshadi

We study an elementary path problem which appears in the pricing step of a column generation scheme solving the kidney exchange problem. The latter aims at finding exchanges of donations in a pool of patients and donors of kidney…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-01-24 Lucie Pansart , Hadrien Cambazard , Nicolas Catusse

The stochastic matching problem deals with finding a maximum matching in a graph whose edges are unknown but can be accessed via queries. This is a special case of stochastic $k$-set packing, where the problem is to find a maximum packing…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-04-30 Avrim Blum , John P. Dickerson , Nika Haghtalab , Ariel D. Procaccia , Tuomas Sandholm , Ankit Sharma

Incompatibility between patient and donor is a major barrier in kidney transplantation (KT). The increasing shortage of kidney donors has driven the development of desensitization techniques to overcome this immunological challenge.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-29 Xingyu Ren , Michael C. Fu , Steven I. Marcus

We consider a well-studied online random graph model for kidney exchange, where nodes representing patient-donor pairs arrive over time, and the probability of a directed edge is p. We assume existence of a single altruistic donor, who…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Avrim Blum , Yishay Mansour