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Normalizing flows are prominent deep generative models that provide tractable probability distributions and efficient density estimation. However, they are well known to fail while detecting Out-of-Distribution (OOD) inputs as they directly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-17 Nishant Kumar , Pia Hanfeld , Michael Hecht , Michael Bussmann , Stefan Gumhold , Nico Hoffmann

Researchers increasingly use meta-analysis to synthesize the results of several studies in order to estimate a common effect. When the outcome variable is continuous, standard meta-analytic approaches assume that the primary studies report…

Bayesian methods have proven themselves to be successful across a wide range of scientific problems and have many well-documented advantages over competing methods. However, these methods run into difficulties for two major and prevalent…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-07-29 John R. Lewis , Steven N. MacEachern , Yoonkyung Lee

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is indispensable for machine learning models deployed in the open world. Recently, the use of an auxiliary outlier dataset during training (also known as outlier exposure) has shown promising performance.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Yifei Ming , Ying Fan , Yixuan Li

It is important to detect anomalous inputs when deploying machine learning systems. The use of larger and more complex inputs in deep learning magnifies the difficulty of distinguishing between anomalous and in-distribution examples. At the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-30 Dan Hendrycks , Mantas Mazeika , Thomas Dietterich

Model mis-specification (e.g. the presence of outliers) is commonly encountered in astronomical analyses, often requiring the use of ad hoc algorithms which are sensitive to arbitrary thresholds (e.g. sigma-clipping). For any given dataset,…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-09-03 William Martin , Daniel J. Mortlock

We explore the utility of information contained within a dropout based Bayesian neural network (BNN) for the task of detecting out of distribution (OOD) data. We first show how previous attempts to leverage the randomized embeddings induced…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-21 Andre T. Nguyen , Fred Lu , Gary Lopez Munoz , Edward Raff , Charles Nicholas , James Holt

Outlier detection (OD), distinguishing inliers and outliers in completely unlabeled datasets, plays a vital role in science and engineering. Although there have been many insightful OD methods, most of them require troublesome…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Dazhi Fu , Jicong Fan

The key distinguishing property of a Bayesian approach is marginalization instead of optimization, not the prior, or Bayes rule. Bayesian inference is especially compelling for deep neural networks. (1) Neural networks are typically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-30 Andrew Gordon Wilson

This paper presents a simple yet effective method for anomaly detection. The main idea is to learn small perturbations to perturb normal data and learn a classifier to classify the normal data and the perturbed data into two different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Jinyu Cai , Jicong Fan

Outlier detection refers to the identification of anomalous samples that deviate significantly from the distribution of normal data and has been extensively studied and used in a variety of practical tasks. However, most unsupervised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Can Gao , Xiaofeng Tan , Jie Zhou , Weiping Ding , Witold Pedrycz

The development of effective knowledge discovery techniques has become in the recent few years a very active research area due to the important impact it has in several relevant application areas. One interesting task thereof is that of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Fabrizio Angiulli , Gianluigi Greco , Luigi Palopoli

Event sequence data record the occurrences of events in continuous time. Event sequence forecasting based on temporal point processes (TPPs) has been extensively studied, but outlier or anomaly detection, especially without any supervision…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Somjit Nath , Yik Chau Lui , Siqi Liu

Due to the intractability of characterizing everything that looks unlike the normal data, anomaly detection (AD) is traditionally treated as an unsupervised problem utilizing only normal samples. However, it has recently been found that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-01-29 Philipp Liznerski , Lukas Ruff , Robert A. Vandermeulen , Billy Joe Franks , Klaus-Robert Müller , Marius Kloft

The outlying property detection problem is the problem of discovering the properties distinguishing a given object, known in advance to be an outlier in a database, from the other database objects. In this paper, we analyze the problem…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-06-18 Fabrizio Angiulli , Fabio Fassetti , Luigi Palopoli , Giuseppe Manco

Recent advances in technology have brought major breakthroughs in data collection, enabling a large amount of data to be gathered over time and thus generating time series. Mining this data has become an important task for researchers and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-12 Ane Blázquez-García , Angel Conde , Usue Mori , Jose A. Lozano

Smart metering infrastructures collect data almost continuously in the form of fine-grained long time series. These massive data series often have common daily patterns that are repeated between similar days or seasons and shared among…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-10-10 A. Elías , J. M. Morales , S. Pineda

Interactions among people or objects are often dynamic in nature and can be represented as a sequence of networks, each providing a snapshot of the interactions over a brief period of time. An important task in analyzing such evolving…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2016-06-17 Leto Peel , Aaron Clauset

Out-of-distribution detection (OOD) deals with anomalous input to neural networks. In the past, specialized methods have been proposed to reject predictions on anomalous input. Similarly, it was shown that feature extraction models in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Jan Diers , Christian Pigorsch

Learning the network structure of a large graph is computationally demanding, and dynamically monitoring the network over time for any changes in structure threatens to be more challenging still. This paper presents a two-stage method for…

Applications · Statistics 2010-11-09 Nicholas A. Heard , David J. Weston , Kiriaki Platanioti , David J. Hand