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LiDAR point clouds have become the most common data source in autonomous driving. However, due to the sparsity of point clouds, accurate and reliable detection cannot be achieved in specific scenarios. Because of their complementarity with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Leichao Cui , Xiuxian Li , Min Meng , Xiaoyu Mo

3D object detection is fundamental for safe and robust intelligent transportation systems. Current multi-modal 3D object detectors often rely on complex architectures and training strategies to achieve higher detection accuracy. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Xiangxuan Ren , Zhongdao Wang , Pin Tang , Guoqing Wang , Jilai Zheng , Chao Ma

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) rely on LiDAR sensors for environmental perception and decision-making in driving scenarios. However, ensuring the safety and reliability of AVs in complex environments remains a pressing challenge. To address this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Shijun Zheng , Weiquan Liu , Yu Guo , Yu Zang , Siqi Shen , Cheng Wang

Object detection is an important vision task and has emerged as an indispensable component in many vision system, rendering its robustness as an increasingly important performance factor for practical applications. While object detection…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-07-25 Haichao Zhang , Jianyu Wang

When localizing and detecting 3D objects for autonomous driving scenes, obtaining information from multiple sensor (e.g. camera, LIDAR) typically increases the robustness of 3D detectors. However, the efficient and effective fusion of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-11 Can Chen , Luca Zanotti Fragonara , Antonios Tsourdos

For autonomous driving, an essential task is to detect surrounding objects accurately. To this end, most existing systems use optical devices, including cameras and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors, to collect environment data in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Jindi Zhang , Yifan Zhang , Kejie Lu , Jianping Wang , Kui Wu , Xiaohua Jia , Bin Liu

Algorithms that fuse multiple input sources benefit from both complementary and shared information. Shared information may provide robustness against faulty or noisy inputs, which is indispensable for safety-critical applications like…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-17 Taewan Kim , Joydeep Ghosh

This work aims to address the challenges in autonomous driving by focusing on the 3D perception of the environment using roadside LiDARs. We design a 3D object detection model that can detect traffic participants in roadside LiDARs in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-13 Walter Zimmer , Jialong Wu , Xingcheng Zhou , Alois C. Knoll

The fusion of multimodal sensor streams, such as camera, lidar, and radar measurements, plays a critical role in object detection for autonomous vehicles, which base their decision making on these inputs. While existing methods exploit…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-07-01 Mario Bijelic , Tobias Gruber , Fahim Mannan , Florian Kraus , Werner Ritter , Klaus Dietmayer , Felix Heide

LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) is an indispensable sensor for precise long- and wide-range 3D sensing, which directly benefited the recent rapid deployment of autonomous driving (AD). Meanwhile, such a safety-critical application…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-09 Takami Sato , Yuki Hayakawa , Ryo Suzuki , Yohsuke Shiiki , Kentaro Yoshioka , Qi Alfred Chen

In autonomous driving, recent research has increasingly focused on collaborative perception based on deep learning to overcome the limitations of individual perception systems. Although these methods achieve high accuracy, they rely on high…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Maryem Fadili , Mohamed Anis Ghaoui , Louis Lecrosnier , Steve Pechberti , Redouane Khemmar

Reliable perception is essential for autonomous driving systems to operate safely under diverse real-world traffic conditions. However, camera- and LiDAR-based perception systems suffer from performance degradation under adverse weather and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Yue Sun , Yeqiang Qian , Zhe Wang , Tianhui Li , Chunxiang Wang , Ming Yang

The combination of data from multiple sensors, also known as sensor fusion or data fusion, is a key aspect in the design of autonomous robots. In particular, algorithms able to accommodate sensor fusion techniques enable increased accuracy,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-03-26 Li Qingqing , Jorge Peña Queralta , Tuan Nguyen Gia , Zhuo Zou , Tomi Westerlund

Autonomous robots that assist humans in day to day living tasks are becoming increasingly popular. Autonomous mobile robots operate by sensing and perceiving their surrounding environment to make accurate driving decisions. A combination of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-08-24 Varuna De Silva , Jamie Roche , Ahmet Kondoz

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) rely heavily on LiDAR sensors for accurate 3D perception. We show a novel class of low-cost, passive LiDAR spoofing attacks that exploit mirror-like surfaces to inject or remove objects from an AV's perception.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Selma Yahia , Ildi Alla , Girija Bangalore Mohan , Daniel Rau , Mridula Singh , Valeria Loscri

Camera and LiDAR serve as informative sensors for accurate and robust autonomous driving systems. However, these sensors often exhibit heterogeneous natures, resulting in distributional modality gaps that present significant challenges for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Yiran Yang , Xu Gao , Tong Wang , Xin Hao , Yifeng Shi , Xiao Tan , Xiaoqing Ye , Jingdong Wang

The fusion of multimodal sensor data streams such as camera images and lidar point clouds plays an important role in the operation of autonomous vehicles (AVs). Robust perception across a range of adverse weather and lighting conditions is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Shounak Sural , Nishad Sahu , Ragunathan Rajkumar

Multi-sensor fusion models play a crucial role in autonomous driving perception, particularly in tasks like 3D object detection and HD map construction. These models provide essential and comprehensive static environmental information for…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Xiaoshuai Hao , Guanqun Liu , Yuting Zhao , Yuheng Ji , Mengchuan Wei , Haimei Zhao , Lingdong Kong , Rong Yin , Yu Liu

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) increasingly rely on multi-sensor perception pipelines that combine data from cameras, lidar, radar, and other modalities to interpret the environment. This SoK systematizes 48 peer-reviewed studies on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Shahriar Rahman Khan , Tariqul Islam , Raiful Hasan

Cameras and LiDARs are both important sensors for autonomous driving, playing critical roles in 3D object detection. Camera-LiDAR Fusion has been a prevalent solution for robust and accurate driving perception. In contrast to the vast…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Ye Li , Hanjiang Hu , Zuxin Liu , Xiaohao Xu , Xiaonan Huang , Ding Zhao