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Currently, in the study of multiagent systems, the intentions of agents are usually ignored. Nonetheless, as pointed out by Theory of Mind (ToM), people regularly reason about other's mental states, including beliefs, goals, and intentions,…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-10-04 Luyao Yuan , Zipeng Fu , Linqi Zhou , Kexin Yang , Song-Chun Zhu

In this work, we present two novel contributions toward improving research in human-machine teaming (HMT): 1) a Minecraft testbed to accelerate testing and deployment of collaborative AI agents and 2) a tool to allow users to revisit and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Edward Gu , Ho Chit Siu , Melanie Platt , Isabelle Hurley , Jaime Peña , Rohan Paleja

Cooperative communication plays a central role in theories of human cognition, language, development, culture, and human-robot interaction. Prior models of cooperative communication are algorithmic in nature and do not shed light on why…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-23 Pei Wang , Junqi Wang , Pushpi Paranamana , Patrick Shafto

In this paper, we formalise and implement an agent model for cooperation under imperfect information. It is based on Theory of Mind (the cognitive ability to understand the mental state of others) and abductive reasoning (the inference…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Nieves Montes , Nardine Osman , Carles Sierra

Recent advances in Artificial Intelligence have produced agents that can beat human world champions at games like Go, Starcraft, and Dota2. However, most of these models do not seem to play in a human-like manner: People infer others'…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-08-03 Terence X. Lim , Sidney Tio , Desmond C. Ong

The ability to interpret the mental state of another agent based on its behavior, also called Theory of Mind (ToM), is crucial for humans in any kind of social interaction. Artificial systems, such as intelligent assistants, would also…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-09-24 Jan Pöppel , Stefan Kopp

We present Latent Theory of Mind (LatentToM), a decentralized diffusion policy architecture for collaborative robot manipulation. Our policy allows multiple manipulators with their own perception and computation to collaborate with each…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Chengyang He , Gadiel Sznaier Camps , Xu Liu , Mac Schwager , Guillaume Sartoretti

Human social interactions depend on the ability to infer others' unspoken intentions, emotions, and beliefs-a cognitive skill grounded in the psychological concept of Theory of Mind (ToM). While large language models (LLMs) excel in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Xuanming Zhang , Yuxuan Chen , Samuel Yeh , Sharon Li

Theory of Mind (ToM) -- the ability to infer what others are thinking (e.g., intentions) from observable cues -- is traditionally considered fundamental to human social interactions. This has sparked growing efforts in building and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Qiaosi Wang , Jini Kim , Avanita Sharma , Alicia , Lee , Jodi Forlizzi , Hong Shen

Collaboration is a cornerstone of society. In the real world, human teammates make use of multi-sensory data to tackle challenging tasks in ever-changing environments. It is essential for embodied agents collaborating in visually-rich…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Qian Long , Zhi Li , Ran Gong , Ying Nian Wu , Demetri Terzopoulos , Xiaofeng Gao

Natural language has long enabled human cooperation, but its lossy, ambiguous, and indirect nature limits the potential of collective intelligence. While machines are not subject to these constraints, most LLM-based multi-agent systems…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Yujia Zheng , Zhuokai Zhao , Zijian Li , Yaqi Xie , Mingze Gao , Lizhu Zhang , Kun Zhang

Theory of Mind (ToM), the ability to track others epistemic state, makes humans efficient collaborators. AI agents need the same capacity in multi agent settings, yet existing benchmarks mostly test literal ToM by asking direct belief…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Gurusha Juneja , Dylan Lu , Saaket Agashe , Parth Diwane , Edward Gunn , Jayanth Srinivasa , Gaowen Liu , William Yang Wang , Yali Du , Xin Eric Wang

Theory of Mind is the ability to attribute mental states (beliefs, intents, knowledge, perspectives, etc.) to others and recognize that these mental states may differ from one's own. Theory of Mind is critical to effective communication and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-10-03 Arjun Chandrasekaran , Deshraj Yadav , Prithvijit Chattopadhyay , Viraj Prabhu , Devi Parikh

Effective collaboration between humans and AI-based systems requires effective modeling of the human in the loop, both in terms of the mental state as well as the physical capabilities of the latter. However, these models can also open up…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-01-31 Tathagata Chakraborti , Subbarao Kambhampati

Cognitive abilities, such as Theory of Mind (ToM), play a vital role in facilitating cooperation in human social interactions. However, our study reveals that agents with higher ToM abilities may not necessarily exhibit better cooperative…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Jiaqi Shao , Tianjun Yuan , Tao Lin , Bing Luo

We develop a network of Bayesian agents that collectively model the mental states of teammates from the observed communication. Using a generative computational approach to cognition, we make two contributions. First, we show that our agent…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-03-29 Samuel Westby , Christoph Riedl

Design fictions allow us to prototype the future. They enable us to interrogate emerging or non-existent technologies and examine their implications. We present three design fictions that probe the potential consequences of operationalizing…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Justin D. Weisz , Michael Muller , Arielle Goldberg , Dario Andres Silva Moran

Originating in psychology, $\textit{Theory of Mind}$ (ToM) has attracted significant attention across multiple research communities, especially logic, economics, and robotics. Most psychological work does not aim at formalizing those…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Fengming Zhu , Yuxin Pan , Xiaomeng Zhu , Fangzhen Lin

Theory of Mind (ToM)-an understanding of the mental states of others-is a key aspect of human social intelligence, yet, chatbots and LLM-based social agents do not typically integrate it. In this work, we demonstrate that LLMs that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 EunJeong Hwang , Yuwei Yin , Giuseppe Carenini , Peter West , Vered Shwartz

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive accomplishments in both reasoning and planning, their abilities in multi-agent collaborations remains largely unexplored. This study evaluates LLM-based agents in a multi-agent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Huao Li , Yu Quan Chong , Simon Stepputtis , Joseph Campbell , Dana Hughes , Michael Lewis , Katia Sycara