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Large Language Models (LLMs) can significantly improve their reasoning capabilities by interacting with external tools, a paradigm known as Tool-Integrated Reasoning (TIR). However, extending TIR to multi-turn scenarios using Reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Zhenghai Xue , Longtao Zheng , Qian Liu , Yingru Li , Xiaosen Zheng , Zejun Ma , Bo An

Although contemporary large language models (LMs) demonstrate impressive question-answering capabilities, their answers are typically the product of a single call to the model. This entails an unwelcome degree of opacity and compromises…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-08-31 Antonia Creswell , Murray Shanahan

Large language models (LLMs) often benefit from intermediate steps of reasoning to generate answers to complex problems. When these intermediate steps of reasoning are used to monitor the activity of the model, it is essential that this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Fabien Roger , Ryan Greenblatt

Recent advances in natural language processing highlight two key factors for improving reasoning in large language models (LLMs): (i) allocating more test-time compute tends to help on harder problems but often introduces redundancy in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Riccardo Alberghi , Elizaveta Demyanenko , Luca Biggio , Luca Saglietti

LLMs can solve complex tasks by generating long, multi-step reasoning chains. Test-time scaling (TTS) can further improve performance by sampling multiple variants of intermediate reasoning steps, verifying their correctness, and selecting…

Recent reasoning large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable improvements in mathematical reasoning capabilities through long Chain-of-Thought. The reasoning tokens of these models enable self-correction within reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Yu Cui , Bryan Hooi , Yujun Cai , Yiwei Wang

Large Language Models have achieved impressive performance on reasoning-intensive tasks, yet optimizing their reasoning efficiency remains an open challenge. While Test-Time Scaling (TTS) improves reasoning quality, it often leads to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Hang Yan , Fangzhi Xu , Rongman Xu , Yifei Li , Jian Zhang , Haoran Luo , Xiaobao Wu , Luu Anh Tuan , Haiteng Zhao , Qika Lin , Jun Liu

This position paper argues that large language model (LLM) reasoning should be studied as latent-state trajectory formation rather than as faithful surface chain-of-thought (CoT). This matters because claims about faithfulness,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Wenshuo Wang

Theory of Mind (ToM) refers to an agent's ability to model the internal states of others. Contributing to the debate whether large language models (LLMs) exhibit genuine ToM capabilities, our study investigates their ToM robustness using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Christian Nickel , Laura Schrewe , Florian Mai , Lucie Flek

Tasks on complex systems require high-precision numerical computation to support decisions, but current large language models (LLMs) cannot integrate such computations as an intrinsic and interpretable capability with existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Hengbo Xiao , Jingyuan Fan , Xin Tong , Jingzhao Zhang , Chao Lu , Guannan He

Large reasoning models (LRMs) increasingly rely on step-by-step Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning to improve task performance, particularly in high-resource languages such as English. While recent work has examined final-answer accuracy in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Raoyuan Zhao , Yihong Liu , Hinrich Schütze , Michael A. Hedderich

Large vision-language models (VLMs) have garnered increasing interest in autonomous driving areas, due to their advanced capabilities in complex reasoning tasks essential for highly autonomous vehicle behavior. Despite their potential,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Ming Nie , Renyuan Peng , Chunwei Wang , Xinyue Cai , Jianhua Han , Hang Xu , Li Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been touted as AI models possessing advanced reasoning abilities. In theory, autoregressive LLMs with Chain-of-Thought (CoT) can perform more serial computations to solve complex reasoning tasks. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Rishi Hazra , Gabriele Venturato , Pedro Zuidberg Dos Martires , Luc De Raedt

Recently, deep reasoning LLMs (e.g., OpenAI o1 and DeepSeek-R1) have shown promising performance in various downstream tasks. Free translation is an important and interesting task in the multilingual world, which requires going beyond…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Jiaan Wang , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou

While Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) internalize a great amount of world knowledge, they have been shown incapable of recalling these knowledge to solve tasks requiring complex & multi-step reasoning. Similar to how humans develop a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Boshi Wang , Xiang Deng , Huan Sun

Research in cognitive science has provided extensive evidence of human cognitive ability in performing physical reasoning of objects from noisy perceptual inputs. Such a cognitive ability is commonly known as intuitive physics. With…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-29 Jiafei Duan , Arijit Dasgupta , Jason Fischer , Cheston Tan

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable multi-step reasoning capabilities across various domains. However, LLMs still face distinct challenges in complex logical reasoning, as (1) proof-finding requires systematic exploration…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Kang He , Kaushik Roy

Despite rapid progress in multimodal large language models (MLLMs), their capability for deep emotional understanding remains limited. We argue that genuine affective intelligence requires explicit modeling of Theory of Mind (ToM), the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Meng Luo , Bobo Li , Shanqing Xu , Shize Zhang , Qiuchan Chen , Menglu Han , Wenhao Chen , Yanxiang Huang , Hao Fei , Mong-Li Lee , Wynne Hsu

Whether Large Language Models (LLMs) develop coherent internal world models remains a core debate. While conventional Next-Token Prediction (NTP) focuses on one-step-ahead supervision, Multi-Token Prediction (MTP) has shown promise in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Qimin Zhong , Hao Liao , Haiming Qin , Mingyang Zhou , Rui Mao , Wei Chen , Naipeng Chao

Physical commonsense reasoning represents a fundamental capability of human intelligence, enabling individuals to understand their environment, predict future events, and navigate physical spaces. Recent years have witnessed growing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Jaione Bengoetxea , Itziar Gonzalez-Dios , Rodrigo Agerri