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Related papers: Counterfactual Adversarial Learning with Represent…

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Adversarial Training (AT) is known as an effective approach to enhance the robustness of deep neural networks. Recently researchers notice that robust models with AT have good generative ability and can synthesize realistic images, while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-28 Yifei Wang , Yisen Wang , Jiansheng Yang , Zhouchen Lin

Counterfactual estimation over time is important in various applications, such as personalized medicine. However, time-dependent confounding bias in observational data still poses a significant challenge in achieving accurate and efficient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Nghia D. Nguyen , Pablo Robles-Granda , Lav R. Varshney

Pre-trained self-supervised models such as BERT have achieved striking success in learning sequence representations, especially for natural language processing. These models typically corrupt the given sequences with certain types of noise,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-02 Fuli Luo , Pengcheng Yang , Shicheng Li , Xuancheng Ren , Xu Sun

In this paper, we address the challenge of performing counterfactual inference with observational data via Bayesian nonparametric regression adjustment, with a focus on high-dimensional settings featuring multiple actions and multiple…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Alberto Caron , Gianluca Baio , Ioanna Manolopoulou

Adversarial training (AT) for robust representation learning and self-supervised learning (SSL) for unsupervised representation learning are two active research fields. Integrating AT into SSL, multiple prior works have accomplished a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-25 Chaoning Zhang , Kang Zhang , Chenshuang Zhang , Axi Niu , Jiu Feng , Chang D. Yoo , In So Kweon

Adversarial training has been widely acknowledged as the most effective method to improve the adversarial robustness against adversarial examples for Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). So far, most existing works focus on enhancing the overall…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Zeming Wei , Yifei Wang , Yiwen Guo , Yisen Wang

Standard adversarial training approaches suffer from robust overfitting where the robust accuracy decreases when models are adversarially trained for too long. The origin of this problem is still unclear and conflicting explanations have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Muhammad Zaid Hameed , Beat Buesser

As deep learning models are increasingly deployed in high-risk applications, robust defenses against adversarial attacks and reliable performance guarantees become paramount. Moreover, accuracy alone does not provide sufficient assurance or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Jie Bao , Chuangyin Dang , Rui Luo , Hanwei Zhang , Zhixin Zhou

Representations of data that are invariant to changes in specified factors are useful for a wide range of problems: removing potential biases in prediction problems, controlling the effects of covariates, and disentangling meaningful…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-03 Daniel Moyer , Shuyang Gao , Rob Brekelmans , Greg Ver Steeg , Aram Galstyan

In adversarial data collection (ADC), a human workforce interacts with a model in real time, attempting to produce examples that elicit incorrect predictions. Researchers hope that models trained on these more challenging datasets will rely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-03 Divyansh Kaushik , Douwe Kiela , Zachary C. Lipton , Wen-tau Yih

In recent years, fairness has become an important topic in the machine learning research community. In particular, counterfactual fairness aims at building prediction models which ensure fairness at the most individual level. Rather than…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-01 Vincent Grari , Sylvain Lamprier , Marcin Detyniecki

Open-loop imitation learning has advanced modern autonomous driving policy architectures, but closed-loop deployment remains vulnerable to policy-induced distribution shift. Existing post-training paradigms exhibit fundamental trade-offs:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Keyu Chen , Nanfei Ye , Yida Wang , Wenchao Sun , Danqi Zhao , Hao Cheng , Sifa Zheng

We study counterfactual prediction under assignment bias and propose a mathematically grounded, information-theoretic approach that removes treatment-covariate dependence without adversarial training. Starting from a bound that links the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Shiqin Tang , Rong Feng , Shuxin Zhuang , Youzhi Zhang , Hongzong Li

Knowledge Tracing (KT) monitors students' knowledge states and simulates their responses to question sequences. Existing KT models typically follow a single-step training paradigm, which leads to discrepancies with the multi-step inference…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Lingyue Fu , Ting Long , Jianghao Lin , Wei Xia , Xinyi Dai , Ruiming Tang , Yasheng Wang , Weinan Zhang , Yong Yu

State-of-the-art machine learning models can be vulnerable to very small input perturbations that are adversarially constructed. Adversarial training is an effective approach to defend against such examples. It is formulated as a min-max…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-10-21 Antônio H. Ribeiro , Dave Zachariah , Thomas B. Schön

Reinforcement learning for multi-step reasoning with large language models (LLMs) typically relies on sparse terminal rewards, which creates a poorly conditioned credit-assignment problem: the final feedback is propagated uniformly across…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Fei Ding , Yongkang Zhang , Youwei Wang , Zijian Zeng

Fast adversarial training (FAT) is beneficial for improving the adversarial robustness of neural networks. However, previous FAT work has encountered a significant issue known as catastrophic overfitting when dealing with large perturbation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-25 Mengnan Zhao , Lihe Zhang , Yuqiu Kong , Baocai Yin

Prompt learning has garnered attention for its efficiency over traditional model training and fine-tuning. However, existing methods, constrained by inadequate theoretical foundations, encounter difficulties in achieving causally invariant…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Xinshu Li , Ruoyu Wang , Erdun Gao , Mingming Gong , Lina Yao

It is evidence that representation learning can improve model's performance over multiple downstream tasks in many real-world scenarios, such as image classification and recommender systems. Existing learning approaches rely on establishing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-18 Mengyue Yang , Xinyu Cai , Furui Liu , Xu Chen , Zhitang Chen , Jianye Hao , Jun Wang

Performance-critical machine learning models should be robust to input perturbations not seen during training. Adversarial training is a method for improving a model's robustness to some perturbations by including them in the training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-24 Angus Galloway , Thomas Tanay , Graham W. Taylor