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Retrieval augmented generation mitigates limitations of large language models in factual consistency and knowledge updating by introducing external knowledge. However, practical applications still suffer from semantic misalignment between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Xin Chen , Saili Uday Gadgil , Jiarong Qiu

Keyphrase generation refers to the task of producing a set of words or phrases that summarises the content of a document. Continuous efforts have been dedicated to this task over the past few years, spreading across multiple lines of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Florian Boudin , Akiko Aizawa

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance in various natural language processing tasks but face challenges in mathematical reasoning, where complex problem-solving requires both linguistic understanding and mathematical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Shuguang Chen , Guang Lin

Multiple-choice questions (MCQs) are ubiquitous in almost all levels of education since they are easy to administer, grade, and are a reliable form of assessment. An important aspect of MCQs is the distractors, i.e., incorrect options that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Hunter McNichols , Wanyong Feng , Jaewook Lee , Alexander Scarlatos , Digory Smith , Simon Woodhead , Andrew Lan

Mathematical language in scientific communications and educational scenarios is important yet relatively understudied compared to natural languages. Recent works on mathematical language focus either on representing stand-alone mathematical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-17 Alexander Scarlatos , Andrew Lan

Addressing the challenge of high annotation costs in solving Math Word Problems (MWPs) through full supervision with intermediate equations, recent works have proposed weakly supervised task settings that rely solely on the final answer as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Qingwen Lin , Boyan Xu , Zhengting Huang , Ruichu Cai

Mathematical questioning is crucial for assessing students problem-solving skills. Since manually creating such questions requires substantial effort, automatic methods have been explored. Existing state-of-the-art models rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Phuoc Pham Van Long , Duc Anh Vu , Nhat M. Hoang , Xuan Long Do , Anh Tuan Luu

In real-world applications of natural language generation, there are often constraints on the target sentences in addition to fluency and naturalness requirements. Existing language generation techniques are usually based on recurrent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-02-05 Ning Miao , Hao Zhou , Lili Mou , Rui Yan , Lei Li

Math word problem solver requires both precise relation reasoning about quantities in the text and reliable generation for the diverse equation. Current sequence-to-tree or relation extraction methods regard this only from a fixed view,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Wenqi Zhang , Yongliang Shen , Yanna Ma , Xiaoxia Cheng , Zeqi Tan , Qingpeng Nong , Weiming Lu

Math word problem (MWP) solving requires generating a reasoning path based on a given problem description that often contains irrelevant conditions. Existing chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting methods elicited multi-step reasoning abilities…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Zhenyu Wu , Chao Shen , Meng Jiang

As Large Language Models (LLMs) are deployed more widely, customization with respect to vocabulary, style, and character becomes more important. In this work, we introduce model arithmetic, a novel inference framework for composing and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-07 Jasper Dekoninck , Marc Fischer , Luca Beurer-Kellner , Martin Vechev

While computer and communication technologies have provided effective means to scale up many aspects of education, the submission and grading of assessments such as homework assignments and tests remains a weak link. In this paper, we study…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-01-20 Andrew S. Lan , Divyanshu Vats , Andrew E. Waters , Richard G. Baraniuk

Word embedding models offer continuous vector representations that can capture rich contextual semantics based on their word co-occurrence patterns. While these word vectors can provide very effective features used in many NLP tasks such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-02-27 Cem Safak Sahin , Rajmonda S. Caceres , Brandon Oselio , William M. Campbell

Large language model (LLM) driven synthetic data generation has emerged as a powerful method for improving model reasoning capabilities. However, most methods either distill large state-of-the-art models into small students or use natural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Alex Havrilla , Edward Hughes , Mikayel Samvelyan , Jacob Abernethy

Constraint Programming (CP) and Machine Learning (ML) face challenges in text generation due to CP's struggle with implementing "meaning'' and ML's difficulty with structural constraints. This paper proposes a solution by combining both…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Florian Régin , Elisabetta De Maria , Alexandre Bonlarron

The progress of Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT raises the question of how they can be integrated into education. One hope is that they can support mathematics learning, including word-problem solving. Since LLMs can handle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Anselm R. Strohmaier , Wim Van Dooren , Kathrin Seßler , Brian Greer , Lieven Verschaffel

Current frameworks for consensus statement generation with large language models lack the inherent structure needed to provide provable fairness guarantees when aggregating diverse free-form opinions. We model the task as a multi-objective,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Carter Blair , Kate Larson

Automatic melody generation for pop music has been a long-time aspiration for both AI researchers and musicians. However, learning to generate euphonious melody has turned out to be highly challenging due to a number of factors.…

Language Models (LMs) are increasingly being used for code generation, but ensuring the correctness of generated programs remains a significant challenge. Although imperfect code may be acceptable during software development with human…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Lingxiao Li , Salar Rahili , Yiwei Zhao

Multiple-choice questions (MCQs) are commonly used across all levels of math education since they can be deployed and graded at a large scale. A critical component of MCQs is the distractors, i.e., incorrect answers crafted to reflect…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-05-15 Alexander Scarlatos , Wanyong Feng , Digory Smith , Simon Woodhead , Andrew Lan