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Braces were introduced by Rump to study non-degenerate involutive set-theoretic solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation. We generalize Rump's braces to the non-commutative setting and use this new structure to study not necessarily involutive…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2017-05-09 L. Guarnieri , L. Vendramin

The problem of constructing all the non-degenerate involutive set-theoretic solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation recently has been reduced to the problem of describing all the left braces. In particular, the classification of all finite…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2017-05-25 David Bachiller , Ferran Cedó , Eric Jespers , Jan Okniński

Skew braces have recently attracted attention as a method to study set-theoretical solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation. Here, we present a new approach to these solutions by studying Hopf algebras in the category, $\mathrm{SupLat}$, of…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2020-09-29 Aryan Ghobadi

We connect properties of set-theoretic solutions to the Yang--Baxter equation to properties of their permutation skew brace. In particular, a variation of the multipermutation level of a solution is presented and we show that it coincides…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2023-05-05 Marco Castelli , Senne Trappeniers

The quantum Yang-Baxter equation is a braiding condition on vector spaces which is of high relevance in several fields of mathematics, such as knot theory and quantum group theory. Their combinatorial counterpart are set-theoretic solutions…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2024-10-21 Carsten Dietzel , Silvia Properzi , Senne Trappeniers

A dual weak brace is an algebraic structure $\left(S,\,+,\,\circ\right)$ including skew braces and giving rise to a set-theoretic solution of the Yang-Baxter equation. We show that such a map belongs to a family of set-theoretic solutions,…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2024-10-02 Marzia Mazzotta , Bernard Rybołowicz , Paola Stefanelli

Given a left brace $G$, a method to construct all the involutive, non-degenerate set-theoretic solutions $(Y,s)$ of the YBE, such that $\mathcal{G}(Y,s)\cong G$ is given. This method depends entirely on the brace structure of $G$.

Group Theory · Mathematics 2015-03-11 David Bachiller , Ferran Cedo , Eric Jespers

We study simple set-theoretic solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation that are finite and non-degenerate. Such retractable solutions are fully described and to investigate the irretracble solutions we give a new algebraic method. Our approach…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2025-10-03 Ilaria Colazzo , Eric Jespers , Łukasz Kubat , Arne Van Antwerpen

In this paper, we explore linear representations of skew left braces, which are known to provide bijective non-degenerate set-theoretical solutions to the Yang--Baxter equation that are not necessarily involutive. A skew left brace $(A,…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2026-03-16 Nishant Rathee , Ayush Udeep

We investigate structural and rigidity properties of \emph{Lie skew braces} (LSBs), objects essentially known in the literature as \emph{post--Lie groups}, obtained by endowing a manifold with two compatible group laws that share the same…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2026-02-26 Marco Damele , Andrea Loi

If $(X,r)$ is a finite non-degenerate set-theoretic solution of the Yang--Baxter equation, the additive group of the structure skew brace $G(X,r)$ is an $FC$-group, i.e. a group whose elements have finitely many conjugates. Moreover, its…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2023-11-15 Ilaria Colazzo , Maria Ferrara , Marco Trombetti

In the 1990s, Drinfel'd proposed the study of set-theoretical solutions to the quantum Yang-Baxter equation, initiating a line of research that has since garnered substantial attention and led to notable developments in algebra,…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2025-07-01 Valeriy Bardakov , Mohamed Elhamdadi , Mahender Singh

This paper shows that every finite non-degenerate involutive set theoretic solution (X,r) of the Yang-Baxter equation whose symmetric group has cardinality which a cube-free number is a multipermutation solution. Some properties of finite…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2017-12-19 Agata Smoktunowicz

We determine right nilpotency of braces of cardinality $p^4$. If a brace of cardinality $p^4$ has an abelian multiplicative group, then it is left and right nilpotent, so we only consider braces with non-abelian multiplicative groups. We…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2022-05-25 Dora Puljić

Given a skew left brace $B$, a method is given to construct all the non-degenerate set-theoretic solutions $(X,r)$ of the Yang Baxter equation such that the associated permutation group $\mathcal{G}(X,r)$ is isomorphic, as a skew left…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2016-11-28 David Bachiller

Involutive non-degenerate set theoretic solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation are considered, with a focus on finite solutions. A rich class of indecomposable and irretractable solutions is determined and necessary and sufficient conditions…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2021-12-15 Ferran Cedó , Jan Okniński

We present resent results regarding invertible, non-degenerate solutions of the set-theoretic Yang-Baxter and reflection equations. We recall the notion of braces and we present and prove various fundamental properties required for the…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2025-05-21 Anastasia Doikou

Skew braces are intensively studied owing to their wide ranging connections and applications. We generalize the definition of a skew brace to give a new algebraic object, which we term a skew bracoid. Our construction involves two groups…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2023-05-26 Isabel Martin-Lyons , Paul J. Truman

The aim of this paper is to provide purely arithmetical characterisations of those natural numbers $n$ for which every non-degenerate set-theoretic solution of cardinality $n$ of the Yang--Baxter equation arising from a skew brace…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2025-09-16 Maria Ferrara , Marco Trombetti , Cindy Tsang

Given a skew left brace $\mathfrak{B}$, we introduce the notion of an "opposite" skew left brace $\mathfrak{B}'$, which is closely related to the concept of the opposite of a group, and provide several applications. Skew left braces are…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2019-08-08 Alan Koch , Paul J. Truman