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We propose the Hyperbolic Tangent Exponential Linear Unit (TeLU), a neural network hidden activation function defined as TeLU(x)=xtanh(exp(x)). TeLU's design is grounded in the core principles of key activation functions, achieving strong…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Alfredo Fernandez , Ankur Mali

Fully convolutional recurrent neural networks (FCRNs) have shown state-of-the-art performance in single-channel speech enhancement. However, the number of parameters and the FLOPs/second of the original FCRN are restrictively high. A…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-06 Marvin Sach , Jan Franzen , Bruno Defraene , Kristoff Fluyt , Maximilian Strake , Wouter Tirry , Tim Fingscheidt

Element-wise activation functions play a critical role in deep neural networks via affecting the expressivity power and the learning dynamics. Learning-based activation functions have recently gained increasing attention and success. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-05 Dengsheng Chen , Jun Li , Kai Xu

Activation functions are critical components in deep neural networks, directly influencing gradient flow, training stability, and model performance. Traditional functions like ReLU suffer from dead neuron problems, while sigmoid and tanh…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Sergii Kavun

We replace the output layer of deep neural nets, typically the softmax function, by a novel interpolating function. And we propose end-to-end training and testing algorithms for this new architecture. Compared to classical neural nets with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-19 Bao Wang , Xiyang Luo , Zhen Li , Wei Zhu , Zuoqiang Shi , Stanley J. Osher

Recent work has shown that the activation function of the convolutional neural network can meet the Lipschitz condition, then the corresponding convolutional neural network structure can be constructed according to the scale of the data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Xiangri Lu , Hongbin Ma , Jingcheng Zhang

Periodic activation functions, often referred to as learned Fourier features have been widely demonstrated to improve sample efficiency and stability in a variety of deep RL algorithms. Potentially incompatible hypotheses have been made…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Augustine N. Mavor-Parker , Matthew J. Sargent , Caswell Barry , Lewis Griffin , Clare Lyle

In this work, we propose activation functions for neuronal networks that are refinable and sum the identity. This new class of activation functions allows the insertion of new layers between existing ones and/or the increase of neurons in a…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-05-07 Sergio López-Ureña

The expressiveness of neural networks highly depends on the nature of the activation function, although these are usually assumed predefined and fixed during the training stage. Under a signal processing perspective, in this paper we…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-28 Marc Martinez-Gost , Ana Pérez-Neira , Miguel Ángel Lagunas

A crucial property for achieving secure, trustworthy and interpretable deep learning systems is their robustness: small changes to a system's inputs should not result in large changes to its outputs. Mathematically, this means one strives…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Bernd Prach , Christoph H. Lampert

We propose ways to improve the performance of fully connected networks. We found that two approaches in particular have a strong effect on performance: linear bottleneck layers and unsupervised pre-training using autoencoders without hidden…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-11-10 Zhouhan Lin , Roland Memisevic , Kishore Konda

Deep neural networks owe their expressive power to nonlinear activation functions. The effective field theory of signal propagation at initialization reveals a few distinct universality classes of activations that exhibit different depth…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2026-05-08 Omri Lesser , Debanjan Chowdhury

Previous literature on unsupervised learning focused on designing structural priors with the aim of learning meaningful features. However, this was done without considering the description length of the learned representations which is a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Paschalis Bizopoulos , Dimitrios Koutsouris

Activation functions are critical to the performance of deep neural networks, particularly in domains such as functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), where nonlinearity, low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and signal variability poses…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Behtom Adeli , John McLinden , Pankaj Pandey , Ming Shao , Yalda Shahriari

The activation function is at the heart of a deep neural networks nonlinearity; the choice of the function has great impact on the success of training. Currently, many practitioners prefer the Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) due to its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Jordan Inturrisi , Sui Yang Khoo , Abbas Kouzani , Riccardo Pagliarella

In this work, we show that saturating output activation functions, such as the softmax, impede learning on a number of standard classification tasks. Moreover, we present results showing that the utility of softmax does not stem from the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-07-14 Anders Oland , Aayush Bansal , Roger B. Dannenberg , Bhiksha Raj

This paper explores the expressive power of deep neural networks for a diverse range of activation functions. An activation function set $\mathscr{A}$ is defined to encompass the majority of commonly used activation functions, such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Shijun Zhang , Jianfeng Lu , Hongkai Zhao

The activation functions are fundamental to neural networks as they introduce non-linearity into data relationships, thereby enabling deep networks to approximate complex data relations. Existing efforts to enhance neural network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Jiayu Li , Zilong Zhao , Kevin Yee , Uzair Javaid , Biplab Sikdar

In recent years, functional neural networks have been proposed and studied in order to approximate nonlinear continuous functionals defined on $L^p([-1, 1]^s)$ for integers $s\ge1$ and $1\le p<\infty$. However, their theoretical properties…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-04-11 Linhao Song , Jun Fan , Di-Rong Chen , Ding-Xuan Zhou

In principle, sparse neural networks should be significantly more efficient than traditional dense networks. Neurons in the brain exhibit two types of sparsity; they are sparsely interconnected and sparsely active. These two types of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-30 Kevin Lee Hunter , Lawrence Spracklen , Subutai Ahmad