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Epidemiology characterizes the influence of causes to disease and health conditions of defined populations. Cohort studies are population-based studies involving usually large numbers of randomly selected individuals and comprising numerous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2015-01-19 Bernhard Preim , Paul Klemm , Helwig Hauser , Katrin Hegenscheid , Steffen Oeltze , Klaus Toennies , Henry Völzke

A growing number of researchers are conducting randomized experiments to analyze causal relationships in network settings where units influence one another. A dominant methodology for analyzing these experiments is design-based, leveraging…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-30 Ambarish Chattopadhyay , Kosuke Imai , Jose R. Zubizarreta

Discovering causal relationships in complex socio-behavioral systems is challenging but essential for informed decision-making. We present Upload, PREprocess, Visualize, and Evaluate (UPREVE), a user-friendly web-based graphical user…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-27 Suraj Jyothi Unni , Paras Sheth , Kaize Ding , Huan Liu , K. Selcuk Candan

Causality has become a fundamental approach for explaining the relationships between events, phenomena, and outcomes in various fields of study. It has invaded various fields and applications, such as medicine, healthcare, economics,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Abraham Itzhak Weinberg , Cristiano Premebida , Diego Resende Faria

Understanding and characterizing treatment effect variation in randomized experiments has become essential for going beyond the "black box" of the average treatment effect. Nonetheless, traditional statistical approaches often ignore or…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-07-31 Peng Ding , Avi Feller , Luke Miratrix

Learned systems in the domain of visual recognition and cognition impress in part because even though they are trained with datasets many orders of magnitude smaller than the full population of possible images, they exhibit sufficient…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-03 John K. Tsotsos , Jun Luo

Identifying dependency between two random variables is a fundamental problem. The clear interpretability and ability of a procedure to provide information on the form of possible dependence is particularly important when exploring…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-27 Bogdan Ćmiel , Teresa Ledwina

To draw scientifically meaningful conclusions and build reliable models of quantitative phenomena, cause and effect must be taken into consideration (either implicitly or explicitly). This is particularly challenging when the measurements…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-11 Max A. Little , Reham Badawy

An important step for any causal inference study design is understanding the distribution of the treated and control subjects in terms of measured baseline covariates. However, not all baseline variation is equally important. In the…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-07-02 Rachael C. Aikens , Michael Baiocchi

As data-driven modeling of physical dynamical systems becomes more prevalent, a new challenge is emerging: making these models more compatible and aligned with existing human knowledge. AI-driven scientific modeling processes typically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Kevin Zhang , Hod Lipson

Visualization and virtual environments (VEs) have been two interconnected parallel strands in visual computing for decades. Some VEs have been purposely developed for visualization applications, while many visualization applications are…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2018-12-04 Min Chen , Kelly Gaither , Nigel W. John , Brian McCann

For obtaining causal inferences that are objective, and therefore have the best chance of revealing scientific truths, carefully designed and executed randomized experiments are generally considered to be the gold standard. Observational…

Applications · Statistics 2008-11-12 Donald B. Rubin

Inferring causal relationships between event pairs in a temporal sequence is applicable in many domains such as healthcare, manufacturing, and transportation. Most existing work on causal inference primarily focuses on event types within…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Kazi Tasnim Zinat , Yun Zhou , Xiang Lyu , Yawei Wang , Zhicheng Liu , Panpan Xu

A/B tests serve the purpose of reliably identifying the effect of changes introduced in online services. It is common for online platforms to run a large number of simultaneous experiments by splitting incoming user traffic randomly in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Alexander Buchholz , Vito Bellini , Giuseppe Di Benedetto , Yannik Stein , Matteo Ruffini , Fabian Moerchen

Scientific practice typically involves repeatedly studying a system, each time trying to unravel a different perspective. In each study, the scientist may take measurements under different experimental conditions (interventions,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2014-03-11 Sofia Triantafillou , Ioannis Tsamardinos

Causal inference is to estimate the causal effect in a causal relationship when intervention is applied. Precisely, in a causal model with binary interventions, i.e., control and treatment, the causal effect is simply the difference between…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Zhenyu Lu , Yurong Cheng , Mingjun Zhong , George Stoian , Ye Yuan , Guoren Wang

Many visualization techniques have been created to explain the behavior of computer vision models, but they largely consist of static diagrams that convey limited information. Interactive visualizations allow users to more easily interpret…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Devon Ulrich , Ruth Fong

Autonomous experiments (AEs) are transforming how scientific research is conducted by integrating artificial intelligence with automated experimental platforms. Current AEs primarily focus on the optimization of a predefined target; while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Ralph Bulanadi , Jawad Chowdhury , Funakubo Hiroshi , Maxim Ziatdinov , Rama Vasudevan , Arpan Biswas , Yongtao Liu

No man is an island, as individuals interact and influence one another daily in our society. When social influence takes place in experiments on a population of interconnected individuals, the treatment on a unit may affect the outcomes of…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-08-30 Edward K. Kao

Finding features that disentangle the different causes of variation in real data is a difficult task, that has nonetheless received considerable attention in static domains like natural images. Interactive environments, in which an agent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-23 Emmanuel Bengio , Valentin Thomas , Joelle Pineau , Doina Precup , Yoshua Bengio