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Semi-supervised learning (SSL) is the branch of machine learning that aims to improve learning performance by leveraging unlabeled data when labels are insufficient. Recently, SSL with deep models has proven to be successful on standard…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Lan-Zhe Guo , Zhi Zhou , Yu-Feng Li

Nowadays, the volume of network traffic continues to grow, along with the frequency and sophistication of attacks. This scenario highlights the need for solutions capable of continuously adapting, since network behavior is dynamic and…

Clustering is an unsupervised machine learning methodology where unlabeled elements/objects are grouped together aiming to the construction of well-established clusters that their elements are classified according to their similarity. The…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-10-20 Dimitrios Saligkaras , Vasileios E. Papageorgiou

Detection of malware-infected computers and detection of malicious web domains based on their encrypted HTTPS traffic are challenging problems, because only addresses, timestamps, and data volumes are observable. The detection problems are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-24 Paul Prasse , Rene Knaebel , Lukas Machlica , Tomas Pevny , Tobias Scheffer

The constant increase of devices connected to the Internet, and therefore of cyber-attacks, makes it necessary to analyze network traffic in order to recognize malicious activity. Traditional packet-based analysis methods are insufficient…

Traffic classification, a technique for assigning network flows to predefined categories, has been widely deployed in enterprise and carrier networks. With the massive adoption of mobile devices, encryption is increasingly used in mobile…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Kun Qiu , Ying Wang , Baoqian Li , Wenjun Zhu

The premise of semi-supervised learning (SSL) is that combining labeled and unlabeled data yields significantly more accurate models. Despite empirical successes, the theoretical understanding of SSL is still far from complete. In this…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-09-06 Eyar Azar , Boaz Nadler

In this paper, we propose HyperVision, a realtime unsupervised machine learning (ML) based malicious traffic detection system. Particularly, HyperVision is able to detect unknown patterns of encrypted malicious traffic by utilizing a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Chuanpu Fu , Qi Li , Ke Xu

Google Chrome is the most popular Web browser. Users can customize it with extensions that enhance their browsing experience. The most well-known marketplace of such extensions is the Chrome Web Store (CWS). Developers can upload their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Ben Rosenzweig , Valentino Dalla Valle , Giovanni Apruzzese , Aurore Fass

The presence of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) on pancreatic pathological images is an important prognostic indicator of pancreatic tumors. Therefore, TLSs detection on pancreatic pathological images plays a crucial role in diagnosis…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-28 Bingxue Wang , Liwen Zou , Jun Chen , Yingying Cao , Zhenghua Cai , Yudong Qiu , Liang Mao , Zhongqiu Wang , Jingya Chen , Luying Gui , Xiaoping Yang

As machine learning (ML) classifiers increasingly oversee the automated monitoring of network traffic, studying their resilience against adversarial attacks becomes critical. This paper focuses on poisoning attacks, specifically backdoor…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Giorgio Severi , Simona Boboila , Alina Oprea , John Holodnak , Kendra Kratkiewicz , Jason Matterer

In this paper, we introduce Clid, a Transport Layer Security (TLS) client identification tool based on unsupervised learning on domain names in the server name indication (SNI) field. Clid aims to provide some information on a wide range of…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Ihyun Nam , Gerry Wan

As people's demand for personal privacy and data security becomes a priority, encrypted traffic has become mainstream in the cyber world. However, traffic encryption is also shielding malicious and illegal traffic introduced by adversaries,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-21 Zihao Wang , Kar-Wai Fok , Vrizlynn L. L. Thing

TLS is an end-to-end protocol designed to provide confidentiality and integrity guarantees that improve end-user security and privacy. While TLS helps defend against pervasive surveillance of intercepted unencrypted traffic, it also hinders…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-01-26 Xavier de Carné de Carnavalet , Paul C. van Oorschot

The paper presents an analysis of the main mechanisms of decryption of SSL/TLS traffic. Methods and technologies for detecting malicious activity in encrypted traffic that are used by leading companies are also considered. Also, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-04-18 Tamara Radivilova , Lyudmyla Kirichenko , Dmytro Ageyev , Maxim Tawalbeh , Vitalii Bulakh

One of the most difficult challenges in cybersecurity is eliminating Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. Automating this task using artificial intelligence is a complex process due to the inherent class imbalance and lack of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Ehsan Hallaji , Vaishnavi Shanmugam , Roozbeh Razavi-Far , Mehrdad Saif

Clustering is a well-known unsupervised machine learning approach capable of automatically grouping discrete sets of instances with similar characteristics. Constrained clustering is a semi-supervised extension to this process that can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-02 Germán González-Almagro , Daniel Peralta , Eli De Poorter , José-Ramón Cano , Salvador García

There has been increasing attention to semi-supervised learning (SSL) approaches in machine learning to forming a classifier in situations where the training data for a classifier consists of a limited number of classified observations but…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-11-10 Daniel Ahfock , Geoffrey J. McLachlan

With the adoption of multiple digital devices in everyday life, the cyber-attack surface has increased. Adversaries are continuously exploring new avenues to exploit them and deploy malware. On the other hand, detection approaches typically…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Aink Acrie Soe Thein , Nikolaos Pitropakis , Pavlos Papadopoulos , Sam Grierson , Sana Ullah Jan

Each day, anti-virus companies receive tens of thousands samples of potentially harmful executables. Many of the malicious samples are variations of previously encountered malware, created by their authors to evade pattern-based detection.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2010-08-27 Joris Kinable , Orestis Kostakis