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This paper studies joint models for selecting correct answer sentences among the top $k$ provided by answer sentence selection (AS2) modules, which are core components of retrieval-based Question Answering (QA) systems. Our work shows that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-17 Zeyu Zhang , Thuy Vu , Alessandro Moschitti

Retrieval augmented generation (RAG) enhances the accuracy and reliability of generative AI models by sourcing factual information from external databases, which is extensively employed in document-grounded question-answering (QA) tasks.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Yuan Pu , Zhuolun He , Tairu Qiu , Haoyuan Wu , Bei Yu

Open-Domain Generative Question Answering has achieved impressive performance in English by combining document-level retrieval with answer generation. These approaches, which we refer to as GenQA, can generate complete sentences,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-20 Benjamin Muller , Luca Soldaini , Rik Koncel-Kedziorski , Eric Lind , Alessandro Moschitti

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) grounds language models in external evidence, but multi-hop question answering remains difficult because iterative pipelines must control what to retrieve next and when the available evidence is…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Minghan Li , Junjie Zou , Xinxuan Lv , Chao Zhang , Guodong Zhou

Open-domain question answering (QA) aims to find the answer to a question from a large collection of documents.Though many models for single-document machine comprehension have achieved strong performance, there is still much room for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-11 Mantong Zhou , Zhouxing Shi , Minlie Huang , Xiaoyan Zhu

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) and Reinforcement Learning (RL) have led to strong performance in open-domain question answering (QA). However, existing models still struggle with questions that admit multiple valid answers.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Fengji Zhang , Xinyao Niu , Chengyang Ying , Guancheng Lin , Zhongkai Hao , Zhou Fan , Chengen Huang , Jacky Keung , Bei Chen , Junyang Lin

Large language models have recently pushed open domain question answering (ODQA) to new frontiers. However, prevailing retriever-reader pipelines often depend on multiple rounds of prompt level instructions, leading to high computational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Zhanghao Hu , Hanqi Yan , Qinglin Zhu , Zhenyi Shen , Yulan He , Lin Gui

Retrieval-augmented generation has achieved strong performance on knowledge-intensive tasks where query-document relevance can be identified through direct lexical or semantic matches. However, many real-world queries involve abstract…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Duolin Sun , Meixiu Long , Dan Yang , Junjie Wang , Yecheng Luo , Yue Shen , Jian Wang , Hualei Zhou , Chunxiao Guo , Peng Wei , Jiahai Wang , Jinjie Gu

Effective human learning depends on a wide selection of educational materials that align with the learner's current understanding of the topic. While the Internet has revolutionized human learning or education, a substantial resource…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-10 Irene Li , Thomas George , Alexander Fabbri , Tammy Liao , Benjamin Chen , Rina Kawamura , Richard Zhou , Vanessa Yan , Swapnil Hingmire , Dragomir Radev

Retrieval Augment Generation (RAG) is a recent advancement in Open-Domain Question Answering (ODQA). RAG has only been trained and explored with a Wikipedia-based external knowledge base and is not optimized for use in other specialized…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Shamane Siriwardhana , Rivindu Weerasekera , Elliott Wen , Tharindu Kaluarachchi , Rajib Rana , Suranga Nanayakkara

This preprint presents an empirical analysis of byte-exact chunk-level deduplication in Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) pipelines. We measure context reduction across three distinct operating regimes: clean academic retrieval (0.16%…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Sietse Schelpe

Open-domain question answering (QA) systems are often built with retrieval modules. However, retrieving passages from a given source is known to suffer from insufficient knowledge coverage. Alternatively, prompting large language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Yunxiang Zhang , Muhammad Khalifa , Lajanugen Logeswaran , Moontae Lee , Honglak Lee , Lu Wang

Existing approaches for open-domain question answering (QA) are typically designed for questions that require either single-hop or multi-hop reasoning, which make strong assumptions of the complexity of questions to be answered. Also,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-25 Ping Nie , Yuyu Zhang , Arun Ramamurthy , Le Song

The current state-of-the-art generative models for open-domain question answering (ODQA) have focused on generating direct answers from unstructured textual information. However, a large amount of world's knowledge is stored in structured…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Alexander Hanbo Li , Patrick Ng , Peng Xu , Henghui Zhu , Zhiguo Wang , Bing Xiang

Retrieval-augmented large language models (LLMs) leverage relevant content retrieved by information retrieval systems to generate correct responses, aiming to alleviate the hallucination problem. However, existing retriever-responder…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Taolin Zhang , Dongyang Li , Qizhou Chen , Chengyu Wang , Longtao Huang , Hui Xue , Xiaofeng He , Jun Huang

Open-domain question answering aims at solving the task of locating the answers to user-generated questions in massive collections of documents. There are two families of solutions available: retriever-readers, and knowledge-graph-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Jinfeng Xiao , Lidan Wang , Franck Dernoncourt , Trung Bui , Tong Sun , Jiawei Han

Current open-domain question answering systems often follow a Retriever-Reader architecture, where the retriever first retrieves relevant passages and the reader then reads the retrieved passages to form an answer. In this paper, we propose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-10 Yuning Mao , Pengcheng He , Xiaodong Liu , Yelong Shen , Jianfeng Gao , Jiawei Han , Weizhu Chen

The performance of Open-Domain Question Answering (ODQA) retrieval systems can exhibit sub-optimal behavior, providing text excerpts with varying degrees of irrelevance. Unfortunately, many existing ODQA datasets lack examples specifically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Rustam Abdumalikov , Pasquale Minervini , Yova Kementchedjhieva

We propose a novel method for applying Transformer models to extractive question answering (QA) tasks. Recently, pretrained generative sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) models have achieved great success in question answering. Contributing to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-14 Peng Xu , Davis Liang , Zhiheng Huang , Bing Xiang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems face significant performance gaps when applied to technical domains requiring precise information extraction from complex documents. Current evaluation methodologies relying on document-level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Aryan Jadon , Avinash Patil , Shashank Kumar