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Ensuring the safety of autonomous vehicles (AVs) is paramount in their development and deployment. Safety-critical scenarios pose more severe challenges, necessitating efficient testing methods to validate AVs safety. This study focuses on…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Rui Zhou

Before introducing an Automated Driving System (ADS) on the road at scale, the manufacturer must conduct some sort of safety assurance. To structure and harmonize the safety assurance process, the UNECE WP.29 Working Party on…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Olaf Op den Camp , Erwin de Gelder

The development of new assessment methods for the performance of automated vehicles is essential to enable the deployment of automated driving technologies, due to the complex operational domain of automated vehicles. One contributing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-28 E. de Gelder , J. -P. Paardekooper , A. Khabbaz Saberi , H. Elrofai , O. Op den Camp. , S. Kraines , J. Ploeg , B. De Schutter

To successfully launch automated vehicles into the consumer market, there must be credible proof that the vehicles will operate safely. However, finding a method to validate the vehicles' safe operation is a challenging problem. While…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-01-21 Markus Steimle , Nico Weber , Markus Maurer

The increasing complexity of automated driving functions and their growing operational design domains imply more demanding requirements on their validation. Classical methods such as field tests or formal analyses are not sufficient anymore…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-05-15 Nicole Neis , Juergen Beyerer

The end-to-end learning ability of self-driving vehicles has achieved significant milestones over the last decade owing to rapid advances in deep learning and computer vision algorithms. However, as autonomous driving technology is a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Shahin Atakishiyev , Mohammad Salameh , Housam Babiker , Randy Goebel

Ensuring and validating the safe operation of automated vehicles are key challenges for their market launch. Scenario-based development and test approaches are currently being pursued as possible solutions. An essential prerequisite for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-11-23 Markus Steimle , Till Menzel , Markus Maurer

To ensure their safe use, autonomous vehicles (AVs) must meet rigorous certification criteria that involve executing maneuvers safely within (arbitrary) scenarios where other actors perform their intended maneuvers. For that purpose,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Aren A. Babikian , Attila Ficsor , Oszkár Semeráth , Gunter Mussbacher , Dániel Varró

Autonomous systems such as self-driving cars rely on sensors to perceive the surrounding world. Measures must be taken against attacks on sensors, which have been a hot topic in the last few years. For that goal one must first evaluate how…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-15 Koichi Shimizu , Daisuke Suzuki , Ryo Muramatsu , Hisashi Mori , Tomoyuki Nagatsuka , Tsutomu Matsumoto

Scenario-based testing is a key method for cost-effective and safe validation of autonomous vehicles (AVs). Existing approaches rely on imperative scenario definitions, requiring developers to manually enumerate numerous variants to achieve…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Ezio Bartocci , Alessio Gambi , Felix Gigler , Cristinel Mateis , Dejan Ničković

Generating large-scale sensing datasets through photo-realistic simulation is an important aspect of many robotics applications such as autonomous driving. In this paper, we consider the problem of synchronous data collection from the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Asma A. Almutairi , David J. LeBlanc , Arpan Kusari

Extensive research has already been conducted in the autonomous driving field to help vehicles navigate safely and efficiently. At the same time, plenty of current research on vulnerable road user (VRU) safety is performed which largely…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Haochong Chen , Xincheng Cao , Bilin Aksun-Guvenc , Levent Guvenc

The introduction of automated vehicles without permanent human supervision demands a functional system description, including functional system boundaries and a comprehensive safety analysis. These inputs to the technical development can be…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-04-25 Gerrit Bagschik , Till Menzel , Markus Maurer

Sampling critical testing scenarios is an essential step in intelligence testing for Automated Vehicles (AVs). However, due to the lack of prior knowledge on the distribution of critical scenarios in sampling space, we can hardly…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Jingwei Ge , Pengbo Wang , Cheng Chang , Yi Zhang , Danya Yao , Li Li

Regulatory approval and safety guarantees for autonomous vehicles facing frequent functional updates and complex software stacks, including artificial intelligence, are a challenging topic. This paper proposes a concept and guideline for…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-19 Tim Stahl , Matthis Eicher , Johannes Betz , Frank Diermeyer

To validate the safety of automated vehicles (AV), scenario-based testing aims to systematically describe driving scenarios an AV might encounter. In this process, continuous inputs such as velocities result in an infinite number of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-08 Max Winkelmann , Mike Kohlhoff , Hadj Hamma Tadjine , Steffen Müller

Scenario-based development and test processes are a promising approach for verifying and validating automated driving functions. For this purpose, scenarios have to be generated during the development process in a traceable manner. In early…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-05-13 Till Menzel , Gerrit Bagschik , Leon Isensee , Andre Schomburg , Markus Maurer

The risen complexity of automotive systems requires new development strategies and methods to master the upcoming challenges. Traditional methods need thus to be changed by an increased level of automation, and a faster continuous…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Romina Eramo , Hamzeh Eyal Salman , Matteo Spezialetti , Darko Stern , Pierre Quinton , Antonio Cicchetti

We present a novel method for testing the safety of self-driving vehicles in simulation. We propose an alternative to sensor simulation, as sensor simulation is expensive and has large domain gaps. Instead, we directly simulate the outputs…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-08-14 Kelvin Wong , Qiang Zhang , Ming Liang , Bin Yang , Renjie Liao , Abbas Sadat , Raquel Urtasun

Simulation is an integral part in the process of developing autonomous vehicles and advantageous for training, validation, and verification of driving functions. Even though simulations come with a series of benefits compared to real-world…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Ferdinand Mütsch , Helen Gremmelmaier , Nicolas Becker , Daniel Bogdoll , Marc René Zofka , J. Marius Zöllner