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IceCube is a cubic-kilometer Cherenkov detector installed in deep ice at the geographic South Pole. IceCube's surface array, IceTop, measures the electromagnetic signal and mainly low-energy muons from extensive air showers above several…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-08-23 Andreas Haungs

Analysis of cosmic ray surface data collected with the IceTop array of Cherenkov detectors at the South Pole provides an accurate measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum and its features in the "knee" region up to energies of about 1 EeV.…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-08-21 Alessio Tamburro

The muonic and electromagnetic components of air showers are sensitive to the mass of the primary cosmic particle. The sizes of the components can be measured with particle detectors on ground, and the electromagnetic component in addition…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-05-07 Ewa M. Holt , Frank G. Schröder , Andreas Haungs

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory, located at the geographic South Pole, comprises a surface component, IceTop, and an optical in-ice array. This unique com\-bi\-na\-tion allows for coincident measurements of low-energy ($\sim \rm{GeV}$) and…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-06-16 Mark Weyrauch

Muons with a high transverse momentum (p_T) are produced in cosmic ray air showers via semileptonic decay of heavy quarks and the decay of high p_T kaons and pions. These high p_T muons have a large lateral separation from the shower core…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-08-13 Lisa Gerhardt , Spencer Klein

A key step towards the understanding of the origin of ultra-high energy cosmic rays is their mass composition. Primary photons and neutrinos produce markedly different showers from nuclei, while showers of different nuclear species are not…

Astrophysics · Physics 2019-08-13 M. D. Healy

We report on measurements of the all-particle cosmic ray energy spectrum and composition in the PeV to EeV energy range using three years of data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. The IceTop detector measures cosmic ray induced air…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-11-14 IceCube Collaboration

The combined information from cosmic ray air showers that trigger both the surface and underground parts of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory allows the reconstruction of both the energy and mass of the primary particle through the knee…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-08-13 Tom Feusels , Jonathan Eisch , Chen Xu

Multi-detector observations of individual air showers are critical to make significant progress to precisely determine cosmic-ray quantities such as mass and energy of individual events and thus bring us a step forward in answering the open…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2021-07-22 Alan Coleman

We present a measurement of the density of GeV muons in near-vertical air showers using three years of data recorded by the IceTop array at the South Pole. We derive the muon densities as functions of energy at reference distances of 600 m…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-07-21 Dennis Soldin

We report on the measurement of the all-particle cosmic ray energy spectrum with the IceTop air shower array in the energy range from 1.58 PeV to 1.26 EeV. The IceTop air shower array is the surface component of the IceCube Neutrino…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2016-12-22 IceCube collaboration

IceCube-Gen2, the extension of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory, will feature three main components: an optical array in the deep ice, a large-scale radio array in the shallow ice and firn, and a surface detector above the optical array.…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-09-21 Frank G. Schroeder

The surface component of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory, IceTop, consists of an array of ice-Cherenkov tanks measuring the electromagnetic signal as well as low-energy ($\sim\rm{GeV}$) muons from cosmic-ray air showers. In addition,…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-09-06 Mark Weyrauch , Dennis Soldin

Gamma-ray induced air showers are notable for their lack of muons, compared to hadronic showers. Hence, air shower arrays with large underground muon detectors can select a sample greatly enriched in photon showers by rejecting showers…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2013-04-23 IceCube collaboration , M. G. Aartsen , R. Abbasi , Y. Abdou , M. Ackermann , J. Adams , J. A. Aguilar , M. Ahlers , D. Altmann , K. Andeen , J. Auffenberg , X. Bai , M. Baker , S. W. Barwick , V. Baum , R. Bay , K. Beattie , J. J. Beatty , S. Bechet , J. Becker Tjus , K. -H. Becker , M. Bell , M. L. Benabderrahmane , S. BenZvi , J. Berdermann , P. Berghaus , D. Berley , E. Bernardini , D. Bertrand , D. Z. Besson , D. Bindig , M. Bissok , E. Blaufuss , J. Blumenthal , D. J. Boersma , S. Bohaichuk , C. Bohm , D. Bose1 , S. Böser , O. Botner , L. Brayeur , A. M. Brown , R. Bruijn , J. Brunner , S. Buitink , M. Carson , J. Casey , M. Casier , D. Chirkin , B. Christy , K. Clark , F. Clevermann , S. Cohen , D. F. Cowen , A. H. Cruz Silva , M. Danninger , J. Daughhetee , J. C. Davis , C. De Clercq , S. De Ridder , F. Descamps , P. Desiati , G. de Vries-Uiterweerd , T. DeYoung , J. C. Díaz-Vélez , J. Dreyer , J. P. Dumm , M. Dunkman , R. Eagan , B. Eberhardt , J. Eisch , R. W. Ellsworth , O. Engdegård , S. Euler , P. A. Evenson , O. Fadiran , A. R. Fazely , A. Fedynitch , J. Feintzeig , T. Feusels , K. Filimonov , C. Finley , T. Fischer-Wasels , S. Flis , A. Franckowiak , R. Franke , K. Frantzen , T. Fuchs , T. K. Gaisser , J. Gallagher , L. Gerhardt , L. Gladstone , T. Glüsenkamp , A. Goldschmidt , G. Golup , J. A. Goodman , D. Góra , D. Grant , A. Groß , S. Grullon , M. Gurtner , C. Ha , A. Haj Ismail , A. Hallgren , F. Halzen , K. Hanson , D. Heereman , P. Heimann , D. Heinen , K. Helbing , R. Hellauer , S. Hickford , G. C. Hill , K. D. Hoffman , R. Hoffmann , A. Homeier , K. Hoshina , W. Huelsnitz , P. O. Hulth , K. Hultqvist , S. Hussain , A. Ishihara , E. Jacobi , J. Jacobsen , G. S. Japaridze , O. Jlelati , A. Kappes , T. Karg , A. Karle , J. Kiryluk , F. Kislat , J. Kläs , S. R. Klein , J. -H. Köhne , G. Kohnen , H. Kolanoski , L. Köpke , C. Kopper , S. Kopper , D. J. Koskinen , M. Kowalski , M. Krasberg , G. Kroll , J. Kunnen , N. Kurahashi , T. Kuwabara , M. Labare , H. Landsman , M. J. Larson , R. Lauer , M. Lesiak-Bzdak , J. Lünemann , J. Madsen , R. Maruyama , K. Mase , H. S. Matis , F. McNally , K. Meagher , M. Merck , P. Mészáros , T. Meures , S. Miarecki , E. Middell , N. Milke , J. Miller , L. Mohrmann , T. Montaruli , R. Morse , R. Nahnhauer , U. Naumann , S. C. Nowicki , D. R. Nygren , A. Obertacke , S. Odrowski , A. Olivas , M. Olivo , A. O'Murchadha , S. Panknin , L. Paul , J. A. Pepper , C. Pérez de los Heros , D. Pieloth , N. Pirk , J. Posselt , P. B. Price , G. T. Przybylski , L. Rädel , K. Rawlins , P. Redl , E. Resconi , W. Rhode , M. Ribordy , M. Richman , B. Riedel , J. P. Rodrigues , C. Rott , T. Ruhe , B. Ruzybayev , D. Ryckbosch , S. M. Saba , T. Salameh , H. -G. Sander , M. Santander , S. Sarkar , K. Schatto , M. Scheel , F. Scheriau , T. Schmidt , M. Schmitz , S. Schoenen , S. Schöneberg , L. Schönherr , A. Schönwald , A. Schukraft , L. Schulte , O. Schulz , D. Seckel , S. H. Seo , Y. Sestayo , S. Seunarine , C. Sheremata , M. W. E. Smith , M. Soiron , D. Soldin , G. M. Spiczak , C. Spiering , M. Stamatikos , T. Stanev , A. Stasik , T. Stezelberger , R. G. Stokstad , A. Stöß , E. A. Strahler , R. Ström , G. W. Sullivan , H. Taavola , I. Taboada , A. Tamburro , S. Ter-Antonyan , S. Tilav , P. A. Toale , S. Toscano , M. Usner , D. van der Drift , N. van Eijndhoven , A. Van Overloop , J. van Santen , M. Vehring , M. Voge1 , M. Vraeghe , C. Walck , T. Waldenmaier , M. Wallraff , M. Walter , R. Wasserman , Ch. Weaver , C. Wendt , S. Westerhoff , N. Whitehorn , K. Wiebe , C. H. Wiebusch , D. R. Williams , H. Wissing , M. Wolf , T. R. Wood , K. Woschnagg , C. Xu , D. L. Xu , X. W. Xu , J. P. Yanez , G. Yodh , S. Yoshida , P. Zarzhitsky , J. Ziemann , S. Zierke , A. Zilles , M. Zoll

The production spectrum of high-energy muons as a function of depth in the atmosphere is relevant for understanding properties of event rates in deep detectors. For a given atmospheric profile, cascades of heavy nuclei develop at higher…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-08-20 Thomas K. Gaisser , Stef Verpoest

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory, located at the geographic South Pole, is a Cherenkov detector that continuously monitors a cubic kilometer of instrumented glacial ice for neutrino interactions in the sub-TeV to EeV energy range. Its…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-10-04 Hans Niederhausen

High-energy atmospheric muon neutrinos are detected by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory with a high rate of almost a hundred thousand events per year. Being mainly produced in meson decays in cosmic-ray-induced air showers in the upper…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-07-09 Shuyang Deng

Data from the IceCube detector in its 22-string configuration (IC22) were used to directly measure the atmospheric muon energy spectrum near the horizon. After passage through more than 10 km of ice, muon bundles from air showers are…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-08-13 Patrick Berghaus

The IceCube Observatory comprises a cubic-kilometer particle detector deep in the Antarctic ice and the cosmic-ray air-shower array IceTop at the surface above. Previous analyses of the cosmic-ray composition have used coincident events…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-11-10 Julian Saffer

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory features both a kilometer-cubed detector between 1.45 and 2.45 km depth and an array of ice-filled tanks, called IceTop, located at the surface. The presence of both detectors at the same location allows for…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-08-21 Delia Tosi , Hershal Pandya