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We show that gradient descent converges to a local minimizer, almost surely with random initialization. This is proved by applying the Stable Manifold Theorem from dynamical systems theory.

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-03-07 Jason D. Lee , Max Simchowitz , Michael I. Jordan , Benjamin Recht

Nonconvex optimization underlies many modern machine learning and control tasks, where saddle points pose the dominant obstacle to reliable convergence in high-dimensional settings. Escaping these saddle points deterministically using…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-13 Liraz Mudrik , Isaac Kaminer , Sean Kragelund , Abram H. Clark

Stochastic Gradient (SG) is the defacto iterative technique to solve stochastic optimization (SO) problems with a smooth (non-convex) objective $f$ and a stochastic first-order oracle. SG's attractiveness is due in part to its simplicity of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-08 David Newton , Raghu Bollapragada , Raghu Pasupathy , Nung Kwan Yip

We study the scaling limits of stochastic gradient descent (SGD) with constant step-size in the high-dimensional regime. We prove limit theorems for the trajectories of summary statistics (i.e., finite-dimensional functions) of SGD as the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-08-21 Gerard Ben Arous , Reza Gheissari , Aukosh Jagannath

We focus on a class of non-smooth optimization problems over the Stiefel manifold in the decentralized setting, where a connected network of $n$ agents cooperatively minimize a finite-sum objective function with each component being weakly…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-04-03 Jinxin Wang , Jiang Hu , Shixiang Chen , Zengde Deng , Anthony Man-Cho So

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) holds as a classical method to build large scale machine learning models over big data. A stochastic gradient is typically calculated from a limited number of samples (known as mini-batch), so it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-01-14 Yadong Mu , Wei Liu , Wei Fan

We study the convergence of Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) for strongly convex objective functions. We prove for all $t$ a lower bound on the expected convergence rate after the $t$-th SGD iteration; the lower bound is over all possible…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-11-11 Phuong Ha Nguyen , Lam M. Nguyen , Marten van Dijk

Motivated by robust and quantile regression problems, we investigate the stochastic gradient descent (SGD) algorithm for minimizing an objective function $f$ that is locally strongly convex with a sub--quadratic tail. This setting covers…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-04-16 Yixuan Zhang , Dongyan Huo , Yudong Chen , Qiaomin Xie

Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) stands as a cornerstone optimization algorithm with proven real-world empirical successes but relatively limited theoretical understanding. Recent research has illuminated a key factor contributing to its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Gregory Dexter , Borja Ocejo , Sathiya Keerthi , Aman Gupta , Ayan Acharya , Rajiv Khanna

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) has been studied extensively over the past decades due to its simplicity and broad applicability in machine learning. In this work, we analyze the local behavior of gradient descent and stochastic gradient…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-15 Sebastian Kassing , Thomas Kruse

In this paper, we study stochastic minimax problems with decision-dependent distributions (SMDD), where the probability distribution of stochastic variable depends on decision variable. For SMDD with nonconvex-(strongly) concave objective…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-16 Yan Gao , Yongchao Liu

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) optimization algorithms are key ingredients in a series of machine learning applications. In this article we perform a rigorous strong error analysis for SGD optimization algorithms. In particular, we prove…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-10-05 Arnulf Jentzen , Benno Kuckuck , Ariel Neufeld , Philippe von Wurstemberger

Despite the fact that the loss functions of deep neural networks are highly non-convex, gradient-based optimization algorithms converge to approximately the same performance from many random initial points. One thread of work has focused on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-24 Charles G. Frye , James Simon , Neha S. Wadia , Andrew Ligeralde , Michael R. DeWeese , Kristofer E. Bouchard

Understanding the implicit bias of Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) is one of the key challenges in deep learning, especially for overparametrized models, where the local minimizers of the loss function $L$ can form a manifold.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-29 Zhiyuan Li , Tianhao Wang , Sanjeev Arora

Distributed optimization plays an important role in modern large-scale machine learning and data processing systems by optimizing the utilization of computational resources. One of the classical and popular approaches is Local Stochastic…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-12-19 Andrey Sadchikov , Savelii Chezhegov , Aleksandr Beznosikov , Alexander Gasnikov

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is the optimization algorithm of choice in many machine learning applications such as regularized empirical risk minimization and training deep neural networks. The classical convergence analysis of SGD is…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-07-10 Lam M. Nguyen , Phuong Ha Nguyen , Marten van Dijk , Peter Richtárik , Katya Scheinberg , Martin Takáč

The convergence theory for the gradient sampling algorithm is extended to directionally Lipschitz functions. Although directionally Lipschitz functions are not necessarily locally Lipschitz, they are almost everywhere differentiable and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-07-13 James V. Burke , Qiuying Lin

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) still is the workhorse for many practical problems. However, it converges slow, and can be difficult to tune. It is possible to precondition SGD to accelerate its convergence remarkably. But many attempts…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-02-23 Xi-Lin Li

We propose a descent subgradient algorithm for minimizing a real function, assumed to be locally Lipschitz, but not necessarily smooth or convex. To find an effective descent direction, the Goldstein subdifferential is approximated through…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-04-11 Morteza Maleknia , Majid Soleimani-damaneh

We consider in this work a system of two stochastic differential equations named the perturbed compositional gradient flow. By introducing a separation of fast and slow scales of the two equations, we show that the limit of the slow motion…

Probability · Mathematics 2018-07-26 Wenqing Hu , Chris Junchi Li