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Confidence is a fundamental concept in statistics, but there is a tendency to misinterpret it as probability. In this paper, I argue that an intuitively and mathematically more appropriate interpretation of confidence is through…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-07-04 Ryan Martin

This article is due to appear in the Handbook of Statistics, Vol. 43, Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam, edited by Arni S. R. Srinivasa Rao and C. R. Rao. In modern day analytics, there is ever growing need to develop statistical models to…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-08-20 Deepak Nag Ayyala

Most machine learning models operate under the assumption that the training, testing and deployment data is independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.). This assumption doesn't generally hold true in a natural setting. Usually, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Kumud Lakara , Akshat Bhandari , Pratinav Seth , Ujjwal Verma

We propose a framework for general Bayesian inference. We argue that a valid update of a prior belief distribution to a posterior can be made for parameters which are connected to observations through a loss function rather than the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2016-02-29 Pier Giovanni Bissiri , Chris Holmes , Stephen Walker

Due to their accuracies, methods based on ensembles of regression trees are a popular approach for making predictions. Some common examples include Bayesian additive regression trees, boosting and random forests. This paper focuses on…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-11-15 Suofei Wu , Jan Hannig , Thomas C. M. Lee

Constructing distribution-free confidence intervals for the median, a classic problem in statistics, has seen numerous solutions in the literature. While coverage validity has received ample attention, less has been explored about interval…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-03-12 Manit Paul , Arun Kumar Kuchibhotla

This paper studies a novel stochastic compartmental model that describes the dynamics of trust in society. The population is split into three compartments representing levels of trust in society: trusters, skeptics and doubters. The focus…

Physics and Society · Physics 2024-09-20 Benedikt Valentin Meylahn , Koen De Turck , Michel Mandjes

Diffusion models, a family of generative models based on deep learning, have become increasingly prominent in cutting-edge machine learning research. With a distinguished performance in generating samples that resemble the observed data,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-02 Lequan Lin , Zhengkun Li , Ruikun Li , Xuliang Li , Junbin Gao

Predicting potential outcomes of interventions from observational data is crucial for decision-making in medicine, but the task is challenging due to the fundamental problem of causal inference. Existing methods are largely limited to point…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Yuchen Ma , Valentyn Melnychuk , Jonas Schweisthal , Stefan Feuerriegel

A hypothesis testing and an interval estimation are studied for the common mean of several lognormal populations. Two methods are given based on the concept of generalized p-value and generalized confidence interval. These new methods are…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2014-05-06 Javad Behboodian , Ali Akbar Jafari

This survey article discusses the main concepts and techniques of Stein's method for distributional approximation by the normal, Poisson, exponential, and geometric distributions, and also its relation to concentration inequalities. The…

Probability · Mathematics 2011-09-12 Nathan Ross

Classical causal and statistical inference methods typically assume the observed data consists of independent realizations. However, in many applications this assumption is inappropriate due to a network of dependences between units in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-02 Rohit Bhattacharya , Daniel Malinsky , Ilya Shpitser

A brief discussion is given of the traditional version of the Maximum Entropy Method, including a review of some of the criticism that has been made in regard to its use in statistical inference. Motivated by these questions, a modified…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2007-09-12 Robert Kariotis

The proliferation of science and technology has led to the prevalence of voluminous data sets that are distributed across multiple machines. It is an established fact that conventional statistical methodologies may be unfeasible in the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-10-24 Lu Yan , Jiang Hu

Conformal prediction has emerged as a powerful framework for constructing distribution-free prediction sets with guaranteed coverage assuming only the exchangeability assumption. However, this assumption is often violated in online…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-07 Jungbin Jun , Ilsang Ohn

In spite of recent contributions to the literature, informative cluster size settings are not well known and understood. In this paper, we give a formal definition of the problem and describe it from different viewpoints. Data generating…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-03-06 Jaakko Nevalainen , Somnath Datta , Hannu Oja

We present a universal framework for constructing confidence sets based on sequential likelihood mixing. Building upon classical results from sequential analysis, we provide a unifying perspective on several recent lines of work, and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-02-21 Johannes Kirschner , Andreas Krause , Michele Meziu , Mojmir Mutny

We consider the problem of constructing confidence intervals for the median of a response $Y \in \mathbb{R}$ conditional on features $X \in \mathbb{R}^d$ in a situation where we are not willing to make any assumption whatsoever on the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-09-07 Dhruv Medarametla , Emmanuel J. Candès

Causality is a subject of philosophical debate and a central scientific issue with a long history. In the statistical domain, the study of cause and effect based on the notion of `fairness' in comparisons dates back several hundred years,…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2022-04-06 Erica EM Moodie , David A Stephens

Statistical learning theory is the foundation of machine learning, providing theoretical bounds for the risk of models learned from a (single) training set, assumed to issue from an unknown probability distribution. In actual deployment,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Michele Caprio , Maryam Sultana , Eleni Elia , Fabio Cuzzolin