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Code-switching (CS) automatic speech recognition (ASR) faces challenges due to the language confusion resulting from accents, auditory similarity, and seamless language switches. Adaptation on the pre-trained multi-lingual model has shown…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Jiahui Zhao , Hao Shi , Chenrui Cui , Tianrui Wang , Hexin Liu , Zhaoheng Ni , Lingxuan Ye , Longbiao Wang

Dual-encoder structure successfully utilizes two language-specific encoders (LSEs) for code-switching speech recognition. Because LSEs are initialized by two pre-trained language-specific models (LSMs), the dual-encoder structure can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-13 Tongtong Song , Qiang Xu , Meng Ge , Longbiao Wang , Hao Shi , Yongjie Lv , Yuqin Lin , Jianwu Dang

Cued Speech (CS) is an innovative visual communication system that integrates lip-reading with hand coding, designed to enhance effective communication for individuals with hearing impairments. Automatic CS Recognition (ACSR) refers to the…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-31 Guanjie Huang , Danny Hin Kwok Tsang , Li Liu

This work proposes a simple training-free prompt-free approach to leverage large language models (LLMs) for the Chinese spelling correction (CSC) task, which is totally different from all previous CSC approaches. The key idea is to use an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Houquan Zhou , Zhenghua Li , Bo Zhang , Chen Li , Shaopeng Lai , Ji Zhang , Fei Huang , Min Zhang

Code-switching (CS) speech translation (ST) aims to translate speech that alternates between multiple languages into a target language text, posing significant challenges due to the complexity of semantic modeling and the scarcity of CS…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Yan Gao , Yazheng Yang , Zhibin Lan , Yidong Chen , Min Zhang , Daimeng Wei , Derek F. Wong , Jinsong Su

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown potential in speech generation and recognition, their applications are mainly confined to monolingual scenarios, with limited explorations in code-switched (CS) contexts. In this paper, we…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-25 Jing Xu , Daxin Tan , Jiaqi Wang , Xiao Chen

Code-switching (CS), defined as the mixing of languages in conversations, has become a worldwide phenomenon. The prevalence of CS has been recently met with a growing demand and interest to build CS ASR systems. In this paper, we present…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-31 Injy Hamed , Pavel Denisov , Chia-Yu Li , Mohamed Elmahdy , Slim Abdennadher , Ngoc Thang Vu

In this paper, we particularly work on the code-switched text, one of the most common occurrences in the bilingual communities across the world. Due to the discrepancies in the extraction of code-switched text from an Automated Speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-17 Ahan M. R. , Shreyas Sunil Kulkarni

We propose a) a Language Agnostic end-to-end Speech Translation model (LAST), and b) a data augmentation strategy to increase code-switching (CS) performance. With increasing globalization, multiple languages are increasingly used…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-10 Christian Huber , Enes Yavuz Ugan , Alexander Waibel

In the FAME! project, we aim to develop an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system for Frisian-Dutch code-switching (CS) speech extracted from the archives of a local broadcaster with the ultimate goal of building a spoken document…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-24 Emre Yılmaz , Mitchell McLaren , Henk van den Heuvel , David A. van Leeuwen

Currently, large language models (LLMs) predominantly focus on the text modality. To enable more natural human-AI interaction, speech LLMs are emerging, but building effective end-to-end speech LLMs remains challenging due to limited data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yan Zhou , Qingkai Fang , Yun Hong , Yang Feng

Code-switching (CS) speech refers to the phenomenon of mixing two or more languages within the same sentence. Despite the recent advances in automatic speech recognition (ASR), CS-ASR is still a challenging task ought to the grammatical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Chen Chen , Yuchen Hu , Chao-Han Huck Yang , Hexin Liu , Sabato Marco Siniscalchi , Eng Siong Chng

We present results that show it is possible to build a competitive, greatly simplified, large vocabulary continuous speech recognition system with whole words as acoustic units. We model the output vocabulary of about 100,000 words directly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-11-01 Hagen Soltau , Hank Liao , Hasim Sak

Intra-sentential code-switching (CS) refers to the alternation between languages that happens within a single utterance and is a significant challenge for Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems. For example, when a Vietnamese speaker…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-14 The Chuong Chu , Vu Tuan Dat Pham , Kien Dao , Hoang Nguyen , Quoc Hung Truong

In this paper, we present our overall efforts to improve the performance of a code-switching speech recognition system using semi-supervised training methods from lexicon learning to acoustic modeling, on the South East Asian…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-06-19 Pengcheng Guo , Haihua Xu , Lei Xie , Eng Siong Chng

In this paper, we propose a deep convolutional neural network-based acoustic word embedding system on code-switching query by example spoken term detection. Different from previous configurations, we combine audio data in two languages for…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-26 Murong Ma , Haiwei Wu , Xuyang Wang , Lin Yang , Junjie Wang , Ming Li

Neural network-based language models are commonly used in rescoring approaches to improve the quality of modern automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems. Most of the existing methods are computationally expensive since they use…

Recent studies find existing self-supervised speech encoders contain primarily acoustic rather than semantic information. As a result, pipelined supervised automatic speech recognition (ASR) to large language model (LLM) systems achieve…

Self-supervised automatic speech recognition (SSL-ASR) is an ASR approach that uses speech encoders pretrained on large amounts of unlabeled audio (e.g., wav2vec2.0 or HuBERT) and then fine-tunes them with limited labeled data to perform…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-07 Eyal Cohen , Bhiksha Raj , Joseph Keshet

Code-switching speech recognition (CSSR) transcribes speech that switches between multiple languages or dialects within a single sentence. The main challenge in this task is that different languages often have similar pronunciations, making…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Zhiyun Fan , Linhao Dong , Chen Shen , Zhenlin Liang , Jun Zhang , Lu Lu , Zejun Ma