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We propose procedures for evaluating and strengthening contextual embedding alignment and show that they are useful in analyzing and improving multilingual BERT. In particular, after our proposed alignment procedure, BERT exhibits…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-14 Steven Cao , Nikita Kitaev , Dan Klein

While BERT is an effective method for learning monolingual sentence embeddings for semantic similarity and embedding based transfer learning BERT based cross-lingual sentence embeddings have yet to be explored. We systematically investigate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Jingshu Liu , Raheel Qader , Gaëtan Caillaut , Mariam Nakhlé

In this review, we describe the application of one of the most popular deep learning-based language models - BERT. The paper describes the mechanism of operation of this model, the main areas of its application to the tasks of text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-23 M. V. Koroteev

The capabilities and limitations of BERT and similar models are still unclear when it comes to learning syntactic abstractions, in particular across languages. In this paper, we use the task of subordinate-clause detection within and across…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Dmitry Nikolaev , Sebastian Padó

The BERT family of neural language models have become highly popular due to their ability to provide sequences of text with rich context-sensitive token encodings which are able to generalise well to many NLP tasks. We introduce gaBERT, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-29 James Barry , Joachim Wagner , Lauren Cassidy , Alan Cowap , Teresa Lynn , Abigail Walsh , Mícheál J. Ó Meachair , Jennifer Foster

The rapid advancement of information and communication technology has facilitated easier access to information. However, this progress has also necessitated more stringent verification measures to ensure the accuracy of information,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Bao Tran , T. N. Khanh , Khang Nguyen Tuong , Thien Dang , Quang Nguyen , Nguyen T. Thinh , Vo T. Hung

Token embeddings in multilingual BERT (m-BERT) contain both language and semantic information. We find that the representation of a language can be obtained by simply averaging the embeddings of the tokens of the language. Given this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Chi-Liang Liu , Tsung-Yuan Hsu , Yung-Sung Chuang , Chung-Yi Li , Hung-yi Lee

The transformer-based pre-trained language model BERT has helped to improve state-of-the-art performance on many natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Using the same architecture and parameters, we developed and evaluated a monolingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-12-23 Wietse de Vries , Andreas van Cranenburgh , Arianna Bisazza , Tommaso Caselli , Gertjan van Noord , Malvina Nissim

Large pretrained masked language models have become state-of-the-art solutions for many NLP problems. The research has been mostly focused on English language, though. While massively multilingual models exist, studies have shown that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Matej Ulčar , Marko Robnik-Šikonja

The current dominance of deep neural networks in natural language processing is based on contextual embeddings such as ELMo, BERT, and BERT derivatives. Most existing work focuses on English; in contrast, we present here the first…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-23 Matej Ulčar , Aleš Žagar , Carlos S. Armendariz , Andraž Repar , Senja Pollak , Matthew Purver , Marko Robnik-Šikonja

Deep learning-based language models pretrained on large unannotated text corpora have been demonstrated to allow efficient transfer learning for natural language processing, with recent approaches such as the transformer-based BERT model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-12-17 Antti Virtanen , Jenna Kanerva , Rami Ilo , Jouni Luoma , Juhani Luotolahti , Tapio Salakoski , Filip Ginter , Sampo Pyysalo

Previous work on document-level NMT usually focuses on limited contexts because of degraded performance on larger contexts. In this paper, we investigate on using large contexts with three main contributions: (1) Different from previous…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-11 Liangyou Li , Xin Jiang , Qun Liu

Multilingual Machine Comprehension (MMC) is a Question-Answering (QA) sub-task that involves quoting the answer for a question from a given snippet, where the question and the snippet can be in different languages. Recently released…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-03 Somil Gupta , Nilesh Khade

It has been shown that multilingual BERT (mBERT) yields high quality multilingual representations and enables effective zero-shot transfer. This is surprising given that mBERT does not use any crosslingual signal during training. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Philipp Dufter , Hinrich Schütze

Exploiting large pretrained models for various NMT tasks have gained a lot of visibility recently. In this work we study how BERT pretrained models could be exploited for supervised Neural Machine Translation. We compare various ways to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-30 Stéphane Clinchant , Kweon Woo Jung , Vassilina Nikoulina

The recently proposed massively multilingual neural machine translation (NMT) system has been shown to be capable of translating over 100 languages to and from English within a single model. Its improved translation performance on low…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-13 Aditya Siddhant , Melvin Johnson , Henry Tsai , Naveen Arivazhagan , Jason Riesa , Ankur Bapna , Orhan Firat , Karthik Raman

This paper describes the training process of the first Czech monolingual language representation models based on BERT and ALBERT architectures. We pre-train our models on more than 340K of sentences, which is 50 times more than multilingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-23 Jakub Sido , Ondřej Pražák , Pavel Přibáň , Jan Pašek , Michal Seják , Miloslav Konopík

The recently proposed BERT has shown great power on a variety of natural language understanding tasks, such as text classification, reading comprehension, etc. However, how to effectively apply BERT to neural machine translation (NMT) lacks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-18 Jinhua Zhu , Yingce Xia , Lijun Wu , Di He , Tao Qin , Wengang Zhou , Houqiang Li , Tie-Yan Liu

Information extraction is an important task in NLP, enabling the automatic extraction of data for relational database filling. Historically, research and data was produced for English text, followed in subsequent years by datasets in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-12-13 Taesun Moon , Parul Awasthy , Jian Ni , Radu Florian

Multilingual BERT (mBERT) has demonstrated considerable cross-lingual syntactic ability, whereby it enables effective zero-shot cross-lingual transfer of syntactic knowledge. The transfer is more successful between some languages, but it is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Ningyu Xu , Tao Gui , Ruotian Ma , Qi Zhang , Jingting Ye , Menghan Zhang , Xuanjing Huang