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Proper scoring rules have been a subject of growing interest in recent years, not only as tools for evaluation of probabilistic forecasts but also as methods for estimating probability distributions. In this article, we review the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-12 Kartik Waghmare , Johanna Ziegel

We propose a holistic framework for constructing sensitivity measures for any elicitable functional $T$ of a response variable. The sensitivity measures, termed score-based sensitivities, are constructed via scoring functions that are…

Applications · Statistics 2023-02-03 Tobias Fissler , Silvana M. Pesenti

Meaningful scores for forecast verification are essential for developing reliable forecasts, and there has been much effort to develop scores that align well with human perceptions of forecast quality. Whilst many of these scores have…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-03-17 Bobby Antonio

As generative AI systems are increasingly deployed in real-world applications, regulating multiple dimensions of model behavior has become essential. We focus on test-time filtering: a lightweight mechanism for behavior control that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-01 Sunay Joshi , Yan Sun , Hamed Hassani , Edgar Dobriban

Benchmarking has long served as a foundational practice in machine learning and, increasingly, in modern AI systems such as large language models, where shared tasks, metrics, and leaderboards offer a common basis for measuring progress and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Philip Waggoner

In situations where forecasters are scored on the quality of their probabilistic predictions, it is standard to use `proper' scoring rules to perform such scoring. These rules are desirable because they give forecasters no incentive to lie…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-08-25 Spencer Greenberg

Risk assessment algorithms have been correctly criticized for potential unfairness, and there is an active cottage industry trying to make repairs. In this paper, we adopt a framework from conformal prediction sets to remove unfairness from…

Applications · Statistics 2021-05-24 Richard A. Berk , Arun Kumar Kuchibhotla

With model trustworthiness being crucial for sensitive real-world applications, practitioners are putting more and more focus on improving the uncertainty calibration of deep neural networks. Calibration errors are designed to quantify the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Sebastian G. Gruber , Florian Buettner

We present a framework and analysis of consistent binary classification for complex and non-decomposable performance metrics such as the F-measure and the Jaccard measure. The proposed framework is general, as it applies to both batch and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-02-13 Bowei Yan , Oluwasanmi Koyejo , Kai Zhong , Pradeep Ravikumar

Motivated by the Basel 3 regulations, recent studies have considered joint forecasts of Value-at-Risk and Expected Shortfall. A large family of scoring functions can be used to evaluate forecast performance in this context. However, little…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2017-05-15 Johanna F. Ziegel , Fabian Krüger , Alexander Jordan , Fernando Fasciati

In the practice of point prediction, it is desirable that forecasters receive a directive in the form of a statistical functional, such as the mean or a quantile of the predictive distribution. When evaluating and comparing competing…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2015-04-20 Werner Ehm , Tilmann Gneiting , Alexander Jordan , Fabian Krüger

Calibration tests based on the probability integral transform (PIT) are routinely used to assess the quality of univariate distributional forecasts. However, PIT-based calibration tests for multivariate distributional forecasts face various…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-12-13 Malte Knüppel , Fabian Krüger , Marc-Oliver Pohle

This paper develops an axiomatic framework for ranking metrics, a general class of functionals for evaluating and ordering financial or insurance positions. Unlike traditional risk-adjusted performance measures-such as the Sharpe ratio,…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2026-04-21 Asmerilda Hitaj , Elisa Mastrogiacomo , Ilaria Peri , Marcelo Righi

We provide methods to validate and compare sensor outputs, or inference algorithms applied to sensor data, by adapting statistical scoring rules. The reported output should either be in the form of a prediction interval or of a parameter…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2015-07-07 A. D. Martin , T. C. A. Molteno , M. Parry

Probabilistic classifiers output a probability distribution on target classes rather than just a class prediction. Besides providing a clear separation of prediction and decision making, the main advantage of probabilistic models is their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-20 Juozas Vaicenavicius , David Widmann , Carl Andersson , Fredrik Lindsten , Jacob Roll , Thomas B. Schön

In this paper, we introduce a threshold-based framework for multiclass classification that generalizes the standard argmax rule. This is done by replacing the probabilistic interpretation of softmax outputs with a geometric one on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Edoardo Legnaro , Sabrina Guastavino , Francesco Marchetti

Multistage stochastic programming provides a modeling framework for sequential decision-making problems that involve uncertainty. One typically overlooked aspect of this methodology is how uncertainty is incorporated into modeling.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-09-24 Juyoung Wang , Mucahit Cevik , Merve Bodur

Conformal predictions make it possible to define reliable and robust learning algorithms. But they are essentially a method for evaluating whether an algorithm is good enough to be used in practice. To define a reliable learning framework…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-03-18 Alberto Carlevaro , Teodoro Alamo Cantarero , Fabrizio Dabbene , Maurizio Mongelli

Statistical analysis of extremes can be used to predict the probability of future extreme events, such as large rainfalls or devastating windstorms. The quality of these forecasts can be measured through scoring rules. Locally scale…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-02-22 Helga Kristin Olafsdottir , Holger Rootzén , David Bolin

Score matching is a vital tool for learning the distribution of data with applications across many areas including diffusion processes, energy based modelling, and graphical model estimation. Despite all these applications, little work…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-03 Josh Givens , Song Liu , Henry W J Reeve