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Pathogens contained in airborne respiratory droplets have been seen to remain infectious for periods of time that depend on the ambient temperature and humidity. In particular, regarding the humidity, the empirically least favorable…

Several meters below the coastal ocean surface there are areas of high ecological activity that contain thin layers of concentrated motile phytoplankton. Gyrotactic trapping has been proposed as a potential mechanism for layer formation of…

As groundwater is an essential nutrition and irrigation resource, its pollution may lead to catastrophic consequences. Therefore, accurate modeling of the pollution of the soil and groundwater aquifer is highly important. As a model, we…

The viscous fingering instability, which forms when a less-viscous fluid invades a more-viscous one within a confined geometry, is an iconic system for studying pattern formation. For both miscible and immiscible fluid pairs the growth…

We study, by direct numerical simulations in two and three dimensions, the instability caused by the settling and evaporation of water droplets out of a cloudy layer saturated with vapour into a dry sub-cloud ambient, under conditions where…

We have developed a formalism for analyzing the stability of a fluid in the presence of neutrinos of all flavors and in the presence of a gravitational field. When applied to an extensive two-dimensional grid of core radii and fluid element…

We investigate the origin of the density depletion and enhanced density fluctuations that occur in water in the vicinity of an extended hydrophobic solute. We argue that both phenomena are remnants of the critical drying surface phase…

Viscous and gravitational fingering refer to flow instabilities in porous media that are triggered by adverse mobility or density ratios, respectively. These instabilities have been studied extensively in the past for 1) single-phase flow…

Interfacial stability is important for many processes involving heat and mass transfer across two immiscible phases. When this transfer takes place in the form of evaporation of a binary solution with one component being more volatile than…

Gravity-driven infiltration of liquid water into unsaturated porous media can be a spatially heterogeneous process due to the gravity fingering instability. When such infiltration occurs in a subfreezing porous medium, liquid water can…

We study miscible Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) fingering instability in two-dimensional homogeneous porous media, in which the fluid density varies non-monotonically as a function of the solute concentration such that the maximum density lies in…

A reactive fluid dissolving the surrounding rock matrix can trigger an instability in the dissolution front, leading to spontaneous formation of pronounced channels or wormholes. Theoretical investigations of this instability have typically…

Aeolian sand beds exhibit regular patterns of ripples resulting from the interaction between topography and sediment transport. Their characteristics have been so far related to reptation transport caused by the impacts on the ground of…

We study the linear stability of transient electrodeposition in a charged random porous medium, whose pore surface charges can be of any sign, flanked by a pair of planar metal electrodes. Discretization of the linear stability problem…

During the spreading of epithelial tissues, the advancing tissue front often develops fingerlike protrusions. Their resemblance to traditional viscous fingering patterns in driven fluids suggests that epithelial fingers could arise from an…

The planar front of a growing a crystal is often destroyed by instabilities. In the case of growth from a condensed phase, the most frequent ones are diffusion instabilities, which will be but briefly discussed in simple terms in chapter…

Interfacial instability is highly relevant to many important biological processes. A key example arises in wound healing experiments, which observe that an epithelial layer with an initially straight edge does not heal uniformly. We…

We consider the evaporation of a thin liquid layer which consists of a binary mixture of volatile liquids. The mixture is on top of a heated substrate and in contact with the gas phase that consists of the same vapour as the binary mixture.…

We consider two minimal models of active fluid droplets that exhibit complex dynamics including steady motion, deformation, rotation and oscillating motion. First we consider a droplet with a concentration of active contractile matter…

To explain reported solar interfacial-evaporation rates from porous materials beyond an apparent 100% efficiency using the thermal evaporation mechanism, many publications hypothesize that intermediate water inside porous materials have a…