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The evolution of the scanning modules for scanning transmission electron microscopes (STEM) has realized the possibility to generate arbitrary scan pathways, an approach currently explored to improve acquisition speed and to reduce electron…

With the development of affordable aberration-correctors, analytical scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) studies of complex interfaces can now be conducted at high spatial resolution at laboratories worldwide. Energy-dispersive…

Materials Science · Physics 2017-04-10 Steven R. Spurgeon , Yingge Du , Scott A. Chambers

A new material characterization technique is emerging for the transmission electron microscope (TEM). Using electron energy-loss spectroscopy, real space mappings of the underlying electronic transitions in the sample, so called orbital…

Materials Science · Physics 2023-05-26 Manuel Ederer , Stefan Löffler

We introduce a new image contrast mechanism for scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) that derives from the local symmetry within the specimen. For a given position of the electron probe on the specimen, the image intensity is…

Materials Science · Physics 2020-12-30 Matus Krajnak , Joanne Etheridge

The simulation of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images or diffraction patterns is often required to interpret their contrast and extract specimen features. This is especially true for high-resolution phase-contrast imaging of…

Materials Science · Physics 2021-03-30 Jacob Madsen , Timothy J. Pennycook , Toma Susi

The association of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and the detection of a diffraction pattern at each probe position (so-called 4D-STEM) represents one of the most promising approaches to analyze structural properties of…

Applied Physics · Physics 2023-01-26 Leonardo Corrêa , Eduardo Ortega , Arturo Ponce , Mônica Cotta , Daniel Ugarte

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is the most widespread adopted tool for atomic scale characterization of two-dimensional (2D) materials. Many 2D materials remain susceptible to electron beam damage, despite the standardized…

Materials Science · Physics 2021-08-11 Sytze de Graaf , Majid Ahmadi , Ivan Lazić , Eric G. T. Bosch , Bart J. Kooi

Recently it has been shown that precise dose control and an increase in the overall acquisition speed of atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) images can be achieved by acquiring only a small fraction of the…

Electron tomography is a widely used technique for 3D structural analysis of nanomaterials, but it can cause damage to samples due to high electron doses and long exposure times. To minimize such damage, researchers often reduce beam…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-05 Timothy M. Craig , Ajinkya A Kadu , Kees Joost Batenburg , Sara Bals

Automated experiments in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) require rapid image segmentation to optimize data representation for human interpretation, decision-making, site-selective spectroscopies, and atomic manipulation.…

Materials Science · Physics 2024-09-23 Kamyar Barakati , Utkarsh Pratiush , Austin C. Houston , Gerd Duscher , Sergei V. Kalinin

Material properties strongly depend on the nature and concentration of defects. Characterizing these features may require nano- to atomic-scale resolution to establish structure-property relationships. 4D-STEM, a technique where diffraction…

Materials Science · Physics 2023-05-03 Stephanie M. Ribet , Colin Ophus , Roberto dos Reis , Vinayak P. Dravid

Selection of the correct convergence angle is essential for achieving the highest resolution imaging in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Use of poor heuristics, such as Rayleigh's quarter-phase rule, to assess probe quality…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2020-10-29 Noah Schnitzer , Suk Hyun Sung , Robert Hovden

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is carried out in vacuum to minimize the interaction of the imaging electrons with gas molecules while passing through the microscope column. Nevertheless, in typical devices, the pressure remains at…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2019-01-25 Gregor T. Leuthner , Stefan Hummel , Clemens Mangler , Timothy J. Pennycook , Toma Susi , Jannik C. Meyer , Jani Kotakoski

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) is critical in nanotechnology, materials science, and biological imaging due to its high spatial resolution and depth of focus. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is an essential parameter in SEM because it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-10 K. S. Sim , I. Bukhori , D. C. Y. Ong , K. B. Gan

The scanning electron microscope (SEM) delivers high resolution, high depth of focus and an image quality as if microscopic objects are seen by the naked eye. This makes it not only a powerful scientific instrument, but a tool inherently…

Applied Physics · Physics 2025-04-01 Casimir Kuzyk , Alexander Dimitrakopoulos , Alireza Nojeh

Electron spectroscopy implemented in electron microscopes provides high spatial resolution, down to the atomic scale, of the chemical, electronic, vibrational and optical properties of materials. In this review, we will describe how…

Materials Science · Physics 2025-11-11 Luiz H. G. Tizei , Yves Auad , Florian Castioni , Mathieu Kociak

High quality scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) data acquisition and analysis has become increasingly important due to the commercial demand for investigating the properties of complex materials such as battery cathodes;…

The manuscript considers Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) images and derives transformations needed to correct various distortions occurring during scanning. These transformations form the basis for the correction algorithms…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2026-05-13 Pavel Potapov , Giulio Guzzinati

High energy electron beams can now be routinely focused to 1-2 {\AA} and offer the ability to obtain vibrational information from materials using monochromated electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) in a scanning transmission electron…

Materials Science · Physics 2021-07-13 Kartik Venkatraman , Peter A. Crozier

Electron-beam-induced conversion of materials in a transmission electron microscope uses the high power density of a localized electron beam of acceleration voltages above 100 kV as an energy source to transform matter at the sub-micron…