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Robust out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is an indispensable component of modern artificial intelligence (AI) systems, especially in safety-critical applications where models must identify inputs from unfamiliar classes not seen during…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Tarhib Al Azad , Shahana Ibrahim

Detecting Out-of-Distribution (OOD) sensory data and covariate distribution shift aims to identify new test examples with different high-level image statistics to the captured, normal and In-Distribution (ID) set. Existing OOD detection…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Christiaan Viviers , Amaan Valiuddin , Francisco Caetano , Lemar Abdi , Lena Filatova , Peter de With , Fons van der Sommen

Despite their success, Machine Learning (ML) models do not generalize effectively to data not originating from the training distribution. To reliably employ ML models in real-world healthcare systems and avoid inaccurate predictions on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Mohammad Azizmalayeri , Ameen Abu-Hanna , Giovanni Ciná

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection in multimodal contexts is essential for identifying deviations in combined inputs from different modalities, particularly in applications like open-domain dialogue systems or real-life dialogue…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Rena Gao , Xuetong Wu , Siwen Luo , Caren Han , Feng Liu

Multimodal fusion, leveraging data like vision and language, is rapidly gaining traction. This enriched data representation improves performance across various tasks. Existing methods for out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, a critical area…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-29 Jinglun Li , Xinyu Zhou , Kaixun Jiang , Lingyi Hong , Pinxue Guo , Zhaoyu Chen , Weifeng Ge , Wenqiang Zhang

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection ensures safe and reliable model deployment. Contemporary OOD algorithms using geometry projection can detect OOD or adversarial samples from clean in-distribution (ID) samples. However, this setting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Jeng-Lin Li , Ming-Ching Chang , Wei-Chao Chen

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection, i.e., identifying whether an input is sampled from a novel distribution other than the training distribution, is a critical task for safely deploying machine learning systems in the open world. Recently,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-13 Feng Xue , Zi He , Chuanlong Xie , Falong Tan , Zhenguo Li

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for the reliable deployment of machine learning models in real-world scenarios, enabling the identification of unknown samples or objects. A prominent approach to enhance OOD detection…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-08-05 Heng Gao , Jun Li

Real-world machine learning applications often face simultaneous covariate and semantic shifts, challenging traditional domain generalization and out-of-distribution (OOD) detection methods. We introduce Meta-learned Across Domain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Haoliang Wang , Chen Zhao , Feng Chen

Despite outstanding semantic scene segmentation in closed-worlds, deep neural networks segment novel instances poorly, which is required for autonomous agents acting in an open world. To improve out-of-distribution (OOD) detection for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Meghna Gummadi , Cassandra Kent , Karl Schmeckpeper , Eric Eaton

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for deploying reliable machine learning models in open-world applications. Recent advances in CLIP-based OOD detection have shown promising results via regularizing prompt tuning with OOD…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Geng Yu , Jianing Zhu , Jiangchao Yao , Bo Han

Previous OOD detection systems only focus on the semantic gap between ID and OOD samples. Besides the semantic gap, we are faced with two additional gaps: the domain gap between source and target domains, and the class-imbalance gap between…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Xiang Fang , Arvind Easwaran , Blaise Genest , Ponnuthurai Nagaratnam Suganthan

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for model trustworthiness which aims to sensitively identify semantic OOD samples and robustly generalize for covariate-shifted OOD samples. However, we discover that the superior OOD…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Qingyang Zhang , Qiuxuan Feng , Joey Tianyi Zhou , Yatao Bian , Qinghua Hu , Changqing Zhang

We study the problem of Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection, that is, detecting whether a learning algorithm's output can be trusted at inference time. While a number of tests for OOD detection have been proposed in prior work, a formal…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-09-19 Akshayaa Magesh , Venugopal V. Veeravalli , Anirban Roy , Susmit Jha

Recently, there has been gradually more attention paid to Out-of-Distribution (OOD) performance prediction, whose goal is to predict the performance of trained models on unlabeled OOD test datasets, so that we could better leverage and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Han Yu , Kehan Li , Dongbai Li , Yue He , Xingxuan Zhang , Peng Cui

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection methods assume that they have test ground truths, i.e., whether individual test samples are in-distribution (IND) or OOD. However, in the real world, we do not always have such ground truths, and thus do…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-17 Yuhang Zhang , Weihong Deng , Liang Zheng

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection has recently gained substantial attention due to the importance of identifying out-of-domain samples in reliability and safety. Although OOD detection methods have advanced by a great deal, they are still…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-03 Mohammad Azizmalayeri , Arshia Soltani Moakhar , Arman Zarei , Reihaneh Zohrabi , Mohammad Taghi Manzuri , Mohammad Hossein Rohban

Detecting deepfakes has become a critical challenge in Computer Vision and Artificial Intelligence. Despite significant progress in detection techniques, generalizing them to open-set scenarios continues to be a persistent difficulty.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Luca Maiano , Fabrizio Casadei , Irene Amerini

We present a systematic benchmark of out-of-distribution (OOD) detection CSFs through a representation-centric lens. Our study spans CNN and ViT backbones, multiple training paradigms, four image-classification source datasets (CIFAR-10,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Claudio César Claros Olivares , Austin J. Brockmeier

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is essential for the trustworthiness of AI systems. Methods using prior information (i.e., subspace-based methods) have shown effective performance by extracting information geometry to detect OOD data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Kaiyu Guo , Zijian Wang , Tan Pan , Brian C. Lovell , Mahsa Baktashmotlagh
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