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Quantum key distribution (QKD) enables information-theoretic secure communication, yet its ultimate tolerance to noise and achievable transmission distance remain fundamentally constrained. We establish the maximum quantum bit error rate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-27 Stefano Pirandola

Quantum key distribution (QKD) leverages the principles of quantum mechanics to exchange a secret key between two parties. Despite its promising features, QKD also faces several practical challenges such as transmission loss, noise in…

We demonstrate quantum key distribution (QKD) with classical signals in a seven-core fiber using dense wavelength division multiplexing. Quantum signals are transmitted in an outer core separately and intercore crosstalk (IC-XT) is the main…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-27 Chun Cai , Yongmei Sun , Yongrui Zhang , Peng Zhang , Jianing Niu , Yuefeng Ji

Future global quantum communication networks, or quantum Internet, will realize high-rate secure communication and entanglement distribution for large-scale users over long distances. Continuous variable (CV) quantum key distribution (QKD)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-26 Zhiyue Zuo , Masoud Ghalaii , Stefano Pirandola

The current maturity of the quantum-secured optical data channels based on the Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) technology is at the deployment level in metro environments, while R&D efforts are also being conducted towards long-distance…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-21 Farzam Toudeh-Fallah , Robert Keys , Dave Atkinson

Free-space quantum cryptography plays an integral role in realizing a global-scale quantum internet system. Compared to fiber-based communication networks, free-space networks experience significantly less decoherence and photon loss due to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-03 Md Mehdi Hassan , Kazi Reaz , Adrien Green , Noah Crum , George Siopsis

The promise of unconditional security in the Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) depends on the availability of an authenticated classical channel. However, practical implementations often overlook this requirement or rely on computational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-04 Noureldin Mohamed , Saif Al-Kuwari

Quantum key distribution (QKD) stands as the most successful application of quantum information science, providing information-theoretic security for key exchange. While it has evolved from proof-of-concept experiments to commercial…

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) enables two distant users to exchange a secret key with information-theoretic security, based on the fundamental laws of quantum physics. While it is arguably the most mature application of quantum…

Numerical methods are widely used to calculate the secure key rate of many quantum key distribution protocols in practice, but they consume many computing resources and are too time-consuming. In this work, we take the homodyne detection…

This paper presents a novel system architecture for hybrid satellite communications, integrating quantum key distribution (QKD) and classical radio frequency (RF) data transmission using a dual-band reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS).…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-08 Muhammad Khalil , Ke Wang , Jinho Choi

We propose an improved two-way continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV QKD) protocol by adding proper random noise on the receiver's homodyne detection, the security of which is analysed against general collective attacks. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-07 Maozhu Sun , Xiang Peng , Hong Guo

We report successful joint operation of quantum and classical communications with shared hardware. Leveraging information learned from the classical DSP, low-noise quantum communications (0.009 SNU at 15 km) compatible with 15 Mbit/s QKD is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-15 Raphaël Aymeric , Yves Jaouën , Cédric Ware , Romain Alléaume

We report a model to evaluate the performance of multiple quantum key distribution (QKD) channel transmission using spatial division multiplexing (SDM) in multicore (MCF) and few-mode fibers (FMF). The model is then used to analyze the…

The emergence of Cryptographically Relevant Quantum Computers (CRQCs) presents a critical threat to classical cryptographic systems, particularly widely adopted protocols such as RSA, Diffie-Hellman (DH), and Elliptic Curve Cryptography…

Security of modern classical data encryption often relies on computationally hard problems, which can be trivialized with the advent of quantum computers. A potential remedy for this is quantum communication which takes advantage of the…

With the rapid growth of handheld devices in the internet of things (IoT) networks, mobile applications have become ubiquitous in everyday life. As technology is developed, so do also the risks and threats associated with it, especially in…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-01-05 Guyue Li , Hongyi Luo , Jiabao Yu , Aiqun Hu , Jiangzhou Wang

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) can provide information-theoretically secure communications and is a strong candidate for the next generation of cryptography. However, in practice, the performance of QKD is limited by "practical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-24 Wenyuan Wang

Real-world BB84 Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) systems utilize imperfect devices that introduce vulnerabilities to their security, known as side-channel attacks. Measurement-Device-Independent (MDI) QKD authorizes an untrusted third party…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-09 Kazi Reaz , Md Mehdi Hassan , Adrien Green , Noah Crum , George Siopsis

Coherent one-way quantum key distribution (COW-QKD) has been widely investigated, and even been deployed in real-world quantum network. However, the proposal of the zero-error attack has critically undermined its security guarantees, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-13 Xiao-Yu Cao , Xiao-Ran Sun , Ming-Yang Li , Yu-Shuo Lu , Hua-Lei Yin , Zeng-Bing Chen