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The landscape of web APIs is evolving to meet new client requirements and to facilitate how providers fulfill them. A recent web API model is GraphQL, which is both a query language and a runtime. Using GraphQL, client queries express the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-09-15 Alan Cha , Erik Wittern , Guillaume Baudart , James C. Davis , Louis Mandel , Jim A. Laredo

GraphQL is a query language for APIs and a runtime to execute queries. Using GraphQL queries, clients define precisely what data they wish to retrieve or mutate on a server, leading to fewer round trips and reduced response sizes. Although…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-07-31 Erik Wittern , Alan Cha , James C. Davis , Guillaume Baudart , Louis Mandel

GraphQL is a novel query language for implementing service-based software architectures. The language is gaining momentum and it is now used by major software companies, such as Facebook and GitHub. However, we still lack empirical evidence…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-03-11 Gleison Brito , Marco Tulio Valente

GraphQL is a query language and web application programming interface (API) for client-server architecture. Its advantages include type-safe queries, which allow clients to retrieve the data they require precisely in a single request. As…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Saleh Amareen , Obed Soto Dector , Ali Dado , Amiangshu Bosu

GraphQL is a novel query language proposed by Facebook to implement Web-based APIs. In this paper, we present a practical study on migrating API clients to this new technology. First, we conduct a grey literature review to gain an in-depth…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-06-19 Gleison Brito , Thais Mombach , Marco Tulio Valente

GraphQL is a popular new approach to build Web APIs that enable clients to retrieve exactly the data they need. Given the growing number of tools and techniques for building GraphQL servers, there is an increasing need for comparing how…

Databases · Computer Science 2022-08-10 Sijin Cheng , Olaf Hartig

GraphQL is a new paradigm to design web APIs. Despite its growing popularity, there are few techniques to verify the implementation of a GraphQL API. We present a new testing approach based on GraphQL queries that are logged while users…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-08-17 Louise Zetterlund , Deepika Tiwari , Martin Monperrus , Benoit Baudry

GraphQL provides a schema-based, strongly typed query language that enables highly efficient client-server communication. This paper introduces GraphQLify, an automated framework designed to migrate existing REST APIs to GraphQL. Unlike…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Saleh Amareen , Arif Rahman , Sazzadur Rahaman , Amiangshu Bosu

Graph database query languages feature expressive, yet computationally expensive pattern matching capabilities. Answering optional query clauses in SPARQL for instance renders the query evaluation problem immediately Pspace-complete.…

Databases · Computer Science 2018-10-23 Stephan Mennicke , Jan-Christoph Kalo , Denis Nagel , Hermann Kroll , Wolf-Tilo Balke

The advent of large language models is contributing to the emergence of novel approaches that promise to better tackle the challenge of generating structured queries, such as SPARQL queries, from natural language. However, these new…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Panayiotis Smeros , Vincent Emonet , Ruijie Wang , Ana-Claudia Sima , Tarcisio Mendes de Farias

The growing demand for automated graph algorithm reasoning has attracted increasing attention in the large language model (LLM) community. Recent LLM-based graph reasoning methods typically decouple task descriptions from graph data,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Fali Wang , Chenglin Weng , Xianren Zhang , Siyuan Hong , Hui Liu , Suhang Wang

GraphQL's flexibility, while beneficial for efficient data fetching, introduces unique security vulnerabilities that traditional API security mechanisms often fail to address. Malicious GraphQL queries can exploit the language's dynamic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Irash Perera , Hiranya Abeyrathne , Sanjeewa Malalgoda , Arshardh Ifthikar

GQL has recently emerged as the standard query language over graph databases (particularly, the property graph model). Indeed, this is analogous to the role of SQL for relational databases. Unlike SQL, however, fundamental problems…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Diego Figueira , Anthony W. Lin , Liat Peterfreund

GraphQL is an open-source data query and manipulation language for web applications, offering a flexible alternative to RESTful APIs. However, its dynamic execution model and lack of built-in security mechanisms expose it to vulnerabilities…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Omar Tsai , Jianing Li , Tsz Tung Cheung , Lejing Huang , Hao Zhu , Jianrui Xiao , Iman Sharafaldin , Mohammad A. Tayebi

Work on knowledge graphs and graph-based data management often focus either on declarative graph query languages or on frameworks for graph analytics, where there has been little work in trying to combine both approaches. However, many…

Databases · Computer Science 2020-04-07 Aidan Hogan , Juan Reutter , Adrian Soto

The Graph Query Language (GraphQL) is a powerful language for APIs manipulation in web services. It has been recently introduced as an alternative solution for addressing the limitations of RESTful APIs. This paper introduces an automated…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-09-14 Asma Belhadi , Man Zhang , Andrea Arcuri

Standardized interfaces are the connecting link of today's distributed systems, facilitating access to data services in the cloud. REST APIs have been prevalent over the last years, despite several issues like over- and underfetching of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-05-20 Dominik Adam Kus , István Koren , Ralf Klamma

Purpose: The query language GraphQL has gained significant traction in recent years. In particular, it has recently gained the attention of the semantic web and graph database communities and is now often used as a means to query knowledge…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Nikolaos Karalis , Alexander Bigerl , Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

In recent years, GraphQL has become a popular way to expose web APIs. With its raise of adoption in industry, the quality of GraphQL APIs must be also assessed, as with any part of a software system, and preferably in an automated manner.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Stefan Karlsson , Adnan Čaušević , Daniel Sundmark

GraphQL is a query language and thereupon-based paradigm for implementing web Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) for client-server interactions. Using GraphQL, clients define precise, nested data-requirements in typed queries, which…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-09-25 Erik Wittern , Alan Cha , Jim A. Laredo
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