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Leakage errors arise when the quantum state leaks out of some subspace of interest, for example, the two-level subspace of a multi-level system defining a computational `qubit' or the logical code space defined by some quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-04-18 Joel J. Wallman , Marie Barnhill , Joseph Emerson

Complex quantum networks are not only hard to establish, but also difficult to simulate due to the exponentially growing state space and noise-induced imperfections. In this work, we propose an alternative approach that leverage quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-30 Ferran Riera-Sàbat , Jorge Miguel-Ramiro , Wolfgang Dür

With advances in quantum computing, researchers can now write and run many quantum programs. However, there is still a lack of effective methods for debugging quantum programs. In this paper, quantum symbolic execution (QSE) is proposed to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-20 Jiang Nan , Wang Zichen , Wang Jian

Noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices are valuable platforms for testing the tenets of quantum computing, but these devices are susceptible to errors arising from de-coherence, leakage, cross-talk and other sources of noise. This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-03 Samudra Dasgupta , Travis S. Humble

Quantum computing has become an active research field in recent years, as its applications in fields such as cryptography, optimization, and materials science are promising. Along with these developments, challenges and opportunities exist…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Neilson Carlos Leite Ramalho , Erico A. da Silva , Higor Amario de Souza , Marcos Lordello Chaim

Contemporary quantum computers are inherently noisy, posing significant challenges for the development and testing of quantum software. Simplified or outdated noise assumptions can lead to incorrect assessments of program correctness,…

Quantum memory -- the capacity to store and faithfully recover unknown quantum states -- is essential for quantum-enhanced technology. There is thus a pressing need for operationally meaningful means to benchmark candidate memories across…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-23 Xiao Yuan , Yunchao Liu , Qi Zhao , Bartosz Regula , Jayne Thompson , Mile Gu

Benchmarks are essential for unified evaluation and reproducibility. The rapid rise of Artificial Intelligence for Software Engineering (AI4SE) has produced numerous benchmarks for tasks such as code generation and bug repair. However, this…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Roham Koohestani , Philippe de Bekker , Begüm Koç , Maliheh Izadi

Quantum computers are on the brink of surpassing the capabilities of even the most powerful classical computers. This naturally raises the question of how one can trust the results of a quantum computer when they cannot be compared to…

We present a quantum chemistry benchmark for noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers that leverages the variational quantum eigensolver, active space reduction, a reduced unitary coupled cluster ansatz, and reduced density purification…

Quantum volume (QV) has become the de-facto standard benchmark to quantify the capability of Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices. While QV values are often reported by NISQ providers for their systems, we perform our own series…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-22 Elijah Pelofske , Andreas Bärtschi , Stephan Eidenbenz

As quantum computing transitions from theoretical experimentation to its practical application, the reliability of quantum software has become a critical bottleneck. Traditional static analysis techniques for quantum programs, primarily…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Pietro Cassieri , Giuseppe Scanniello , Seung Yeob Shin , Fabrizio Pastore , Domenico Bianculli

The rapid pace of development in quantum computing technology has sparked a proliferation of benchmarks for assessing the performance of quantum computing hardware and software. Good benchmarks empower scientists, engineers, programmers,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-17 Timothy Proctor , Kevin Young , Andrew D. Baczewski , Robin Blume-Kohout

Quantum computing technology may soon deliver revolutionary improvements in algorithmic performance, but these are only useful if computed answers are correct. While hardware-level decoherence errors have garnered significant attention, a…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-04-15 Yuxiang Peng , Kesha Hietala , Runzhou Tao , Liyi Li , Robert Rand , Michael Hicks , Xiaodi Wu

Quantum programs are notoriously difficult to code and verify due to unintuitive quantum knowledge associated with quantum programming. Automated tools relieving the tedium and errors associated with low-level quantum details would hence be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-07 Haowei Deng , Runzhou Tao , Yuxiang Peng , Xiaodi Wu

When a software transformation or software security task needs to analyze a given program binary, the first step is often disassembly. Since many modern disassemblers have become highly accurate on many binaries, we believe reliable…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-12-17 Kaiyuan Li , Maverick Woo , Limin Jia

It is hard to achieve a theoretical quantum advantage on NISQ devices. Besides the attempts to reduce error using error mitigation and dynamical decoupling, small quantum error correction and fault-tolerant schemes that reduce the high…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-04 Anirudh Lanka

Despite the advancements in software testing, bugs still plague deployed software and result in crashes in production. When debugging issues -- sometimes caused by "heisenbugs" -- there is the need to interpret core dumps and reproduce the…

As quantum computers grow in size and scope, a question of great importance is how best to benchmark performance. Here we define a set of characteristics that any benchmark should follow -- randomized, well-defined, holistic, device…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-06 Mirko Amico , Helena Zhang , Petar Jurcevic , Lev S. Bishop , Paul Nation , Andrew Wack , David C. McKay

Developers create bug-reproducing tests that support debugging by failing as long as the bug is present, and passing once the bug has been fixed. These tests are usually integrated into existing test suites and executed regularly alongside…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Andre Hora , Gordon Fraser