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We show that the scaling dimensions of lowest operators in conformal field theories (CFTs) can be isolated in small and closed regions from single correlator bootstrap. We find the conserved currents play crucial roles in bootstrapping the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2019-09-11 Zhijin Li , Ning Su

In physics, it is believed that the consistency of two dimensional conformal field theory follows from the bootstrap equation. In this paper, we introduce the notion of a full vertex algebra by analyzing the bootstrap equation, which is a…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2020-06-30 Yuto Moriwaki

We present a collection of numerical bootstrap computations for 3d CFTs with a U(1) global symmetry. We test the accuracy of our method and fix conventions through a computation of bounds on the OPE coefficients for low-lying operators in…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-04-28 Samuel Bartlett-Tisdall , Christopher P. Herzog , Vladimir Schaub

This research addresses a fundamental question in AI: whether large language models truly understand concepts or simply recognize patterns. The authors propose bidirectional reasoning,the ability to apply transformations in both directions…

We investigate Fuchsian equations arising in the context of 2-dimensional conformal field theory (CFT) and we apply the Katz theory of Fucshian rigid systems to solve some of these equations. We show that the Katz theory provides a precise…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2018-11-14 Vladimir Belavin , Yoshishige Haraoka , Raoul Santachiara

The asynchronous nature of the state-of-the-art reinforcement learning algorithms such as the Asynchronous Advantage Actor-Critic algorithm, makes them exceptionally suitable for CPU computations. However, given the fact that deep…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-04-17 Robert Adamski , Tomasz Grel , Maciej Klimek , Henryk Michalewski

Using the numerical modular bootstrap, we constrain the space of 1+1d CFTs with a finite non-invertible global symmetry described by a fusion category $\mathcal{C}$. We derive universal and rigorous upper bounds on the lightest…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-07-12 Ying-Hsuan Lin , Shu-Heng Shao

In natural language processing tasks, pure reinforcement learning (RL) fine-tuning methods often suffer from inefficient exploration and slow convergence; while supervised fine-tuning (SFT) methods, although efficient in training, have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Min Zeng , Jingfei Sun , Xueyou Luo , Caiquan Liu , Shiqi Zhang , Li Xie , Xiaoxin Chen

Conformal field theory finds applications across diverse fields, from statistical systems at criticality to quantum gravity through the AdS/CFT correspondence. These theories are subject to strong constraints, enabling a systematic…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2024-01-22 Julien Barrat

In conformal field theory (CFT), the four-point correlator is a fundamental object that encodes CFT properties, constrains CFT structures, and connects to the gravitational scattering amplitude in holography theory. However, the four-point…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2023-06-09 Chao Han , Liangdong Hu , W. Zhu , Yin-Chen He

We investigate two aspects of conformal field theories. In the first part, we study the general 4-point correlator of identical scalars around the fully crossing symmetric point $u=v=1$, where $u,v$ are conformally invariant cross ratios.…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2018-01-31 Wenliang Li

Logarithmic Conformal Field Theories (LCFT) play a key role, for instance, in the description of critical geometrical problems (percolation, self avoiding walks, etc.), or of critical points in several classes of disordered systems…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2013-11-22 A. M. Gainutdinov , J. L. Jacobsen , N. Read , H. Saleur , R. Vasseur

Scaling test-time compute has emerged as a powerful mechanism for enhancing Large Language Model (LLM) performance. However, standard post-training paradigms, Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) and Reinforcement Learning (RL), optimize the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Adam Ousherovitch , Ambuj Tewari

We propose using deep reinforcement learning to solve dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models. Agents are represented by deep artificial neural networks and learn to solve their dynamic optimisation problem by interacting with the…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-01-06 Mingli Chen , Andreas Joseph , Michael Kumhof , Xinlei Pan , Xuan Zhou

We identify two issues with the family of algorithms based on the Adversarial Imitation Learning framework. The first problem is implicit bias present in the reward functions used in these algorithms. While these biases might work well for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-16 Ilya Kostrikov , Kumar Krishna Agrawal , Debidatta Dwibedi , Sergey Levine , Jonathan Tompson

Conformal field theory (CFT) has been extremely successful in describing large-scale universal effects in one-dimensional (1D) systems at quantum critical points. Unfortunately, its applicability in condensed matter physics has been limited…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2017-02-15 Jérôme Dubail , Jean-Marie Stéphan , Jacopo Viti , Pasquale Calabrese

The method of large spin perturbation theory allows to analyse conformal field theories (CFT) by turning the crossing equations into an algebraic problem. We apply this method to a generic CFT with weakly broken higher spin (HS) symmetry,…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2017-11-22 Luis F. Alday

Reinforcement Learning is a mature technology, often suggested as a potential route towards Artificial General Intelligence, with the ambitious goal of replicating the wide range of abilities found in natural and artificial intelligence,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Markus D. Solbach , John K. Tsotsos

We develop new tools for isolating CFTs using the numerical bootstrap. A "cutting surface" algorithm for scanning OPE coefficients makes it possible to find islands in high-dimensional spaces. Together with recent progress in large-scale…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2020-07-06 Shai M. Chester , Walter Landry , Junyu Liu , David Poland , David Simmons-Duffin , Ning Su , Alessandro Vichi

The critical $O(N)$ CFT in spacetime dimensions $2 < d < 4$ is one of the most important examples of a conformal field theory, with the Ising CFT at $N=1$, $2 \leq d < 4$, as a notable special case. Apart from numerous physical…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-11-24 Johan Henriksson