Related papers: Mining for Gluon Saturation at Colliders
QCD is the fundamental theory to describe the strong interaction, where quarks and gluons have the color degrees of freedom. However, a single quark or gluon can not be separated out and all observable particles are color singlet states.…
An essential prerequisite for quark-gluon plasma production in nuclear collisions is cross-talk between the partons from different nucleons in the colliding nuclei. The initial density of partons is determined by the parton distribution…
When quarks and gluons are led to form a dense medium, like in high energy or/and heavy-ion collisions, it is interesting to ask the question which are the relevant degrees of freedom that Quantum Chromodynamics predict. The present notes…
This review will be concerned with our knowledge of extended matter under the governance of strong interaction, in short: QCD matter. Strictly speaking, the hadrons are representing the first layer of extended QCD architecture. In fact we…
In this series of three lectures, we discuss several aspects of high energy scattering among hadrons in Quantum Chromodynamics. The first lecture is devoted to a description of the parton model, Bjorken scaling and the scaling violations…
Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is a remarkably rich theory exhibiting numerous emergent degrees of freedom, from flux tubes to hadrons. Their description in terms of the underlying quarks and gluons of the QCD Lagrangian remains a central…
I use simple thermodynamic reasoning to argue that at temperatures of order a trillion kelvin, QCD, the theory which describes strongly interacting particles such as protons and neutrons under normal conditions, undergoes a phase transition…
These lectures provide a modern introduction to selected topics in the physics of ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions which shed light on the fundamental theory of strong interactions, the Quantum Chromodynamics. The emphasis is on the…
We study how much gluon shadowing can be perturbatively generated through the modified QCD evolution in heavy nuclei. The evolution of small-$x$ gluons is investigated within the semiclassical approximation. The method of characteristics is…
Matter described by Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of strong interactions, may undergo phase transitions when its temperature and the chemical potentials are varied. QCD at finite temperature is studied in the laboratory by…
The high density of scattered partons predicted in nuclear collisions at very high energy makes color screening effects significant. We explain how these screening mechanisms may suppress nonperturbative, soft QCD processes, permitting a…
The properties of the quark-gluon medium observed in high energy nucleus-nucleus collisions are discussed. The main experimental facts about these collisions are briefly described and compared with data about proton-proton collisions. Both…
Recent studies based on non-perturbative lattice Monte-Carlo solutions of Quantum Chromodynamics, the theory of strong interactions, demonstrated that at high temperature there is a phase change from confined hadronic matter to a deconfined…
We show that the non-appearance of gluons and quarks as physical particles is a rigorous and automatic result of the full, i.e. nonperturbative, nonabelian nature of the color interaction in quantum chromodynamics. This makes it in general…
Whether Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) exhibits a phase transition at finite temperature and density is an open question. It is important for hydrodynamic modeling of heavy ion collisions and neutron star mergers. Lattice QCD simulations have…
The nucleons (protons and neutrons) are by far the most abundant form of matter in our visible Universe; they are composite particles made of quarks and gluons, the fundamental quanta of Quantum Chromo Dynamics (QCD). The usual…
Since Quantum Choromdynamics allows for gluon self-coupling, quarks and gluons cannot be observed as free particles, but only their bound states, the hadrons. This so-called confinement phenomenon is responsible for $98\%$ of the mass in…
We investigate the nuclear shadowing mechanism in the context of perturbative QCD and the Glauber multiple scattering model. Using recent HERA data on nucleon structure function at small $x$, we put stringent constrains on the nucleon gluon…
Lattice quantum chromodynamics (QCD) predicts a new state of matter, called quark-gluon plasma (QGP), at sufficiently high temperatures or equivalently large energy densities. Relativistic heavy ion collisions are expected to produce such…
Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is a firmly established part of the Standard Model, yet its long distance properties remain challenging at a conceptual level. In recent years significant experimental and theoretical progress has been made…