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Data-driven modeling based on Machine Learning (ML) is becoming a central component of protein engineering workflows. This perspective presents the elements necessary to develop effective, reliable, and reproducible ML models, and a set of…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-07-11 Fabio Herrera-Rocha , David Medina-Ortiz , Fabian Mauz , Juergen Pleiss , Mehdi D. Davari

Scientists often use observational time series data to study complex natural processes, but regression analyses often assume simplistic dynamics. Recent advances in deep learning have yielded startling improvements to the performance of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-21 Cory Shain , William Schuler

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are associated with various diseases, including cancer, infections, and neurodegenerative disorders. Obtaining three-dimensional structural information on these PPIs serves as a foundation to interfere…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-07-24 Xiaotong Xu , Alexandre M. J. J. Bonvin

Generative modeling has become a central paradigm in protein research, extending machine learning beyond structure prediction toward sequence design, backbone generation, inverse folding, and biomolecular interaction modeling. However, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Senura Hansaja Wanasekara , Minh-Duong Nguyen , Xiaochen Liu , Nguyen H. Tran , Ken-Tye Yong

The capability of accurate prediction of protein functions and properties is essential in the biotechnology industry, e.g. drug development and artificial protein synthesis, etc. The main challenges of protein function prediction are the…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2021-12-02 Wei-Cheng Tseng , Po-Han Chi , Jia-Hua Wu , Min Sun

While protein language models (PLMs) are one of the most promising avenues of research for future de novo protein design, the way in which they transform sequences to hidden representations, as well as the information encoded in such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Kosio Beshkov , Anders Malthe-Sørenssen

Proteins are essential to life's processes, underpinning evolution and diversity. Advances in sequencing technology have revealed millions of proteins, underscoring the need for sophisticated pre-trained protein models for biological…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-04-25 Shujian Jiao , Bingxuan Li , Lei Wang , Xiaojin Zhang , Wei Chen , Jiajie Peng , Zhongyu Wei

A long-standing goal of machine-learning-based protein engineering is to accelerate the discovery of novel mutations that improve the function of a known protein. We introduce a sampling framework for evolving proteins in silico that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-10 Patrick Emami , Aidan Perreault , Jeffrey Law , David Biagioni , Peter C. St. John

We provide an overview of the emergence of large language models for scientific computing applications. We highlight use cases that involve natural language processing of scientific documents and specialized languages designed to describe…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Christopher Culver , Peter Hicks , Mihailo Milenkovic , Sanjif Shanmugavelu , Tobias Becker

Enzyme is the major workhorse to carry out the diverse cellular functions. It catalyzes the biological reactions with a high specificity, with its topology playing a crucial role. For ecologically safe production of numerous bioproducts…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2021-06-04 Prabha Sankara Narayanan , Ashish Runthala

Modeling structure and behavior of software systems plays a crucial role, in various areas of software engineering. As with other software engineering artifacts, software models are subject to evolution. Supporting modelers in evolving…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Christof Tinnes , Thomas Fuchß , Uwe Hohenstein , Sven Apel

Large language models (LLMs) rely on pretraining on massive and heterogeneous corpora, where training data composition has a decisive impact on training efficiency and downstream generalization under realistic compute and data budget…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Zhuo Chen , Yuxuan Miao , Supryadi , Deyi Xiong

Many efforts have been made to facilitate natural language processing tasks with pre-trained language models (LMs), and brought significant improvements to various applications. To fully leverage the nearly unlimited corpora and capture…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-11 Liyuan Liu , Xiang Ren , Jingbo Shang , Jian Peng , Jiawei Han

Recent advancements in immune sequencing and experimental techniques are generating extensive T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire data, enabling the development of models to predict TCR binding specificity. Despite the computational challenges…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2024-07-24 Anna Weber , Aurélien Pélissier , María Rodríguez Martínez

Protocol standardization and sharing are crucial for reproducibility in life sciences. In spite of numerous efforts for standardized protocol description, adherence to these standards in literature remains largely inconsistent. Curation of…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2023-12-12 Shuo Jiang , Daniel Evans-Yamamoto , Dennis Bersenev , Sucheendra K. Palaniappan , Ayako Yachie-Kinoshita

Proteins are essential components of all living organisms and play a critical role in cellular survival. They have a broad range of applications, from clinical treatments to material engineering. This versatility has spurred the development…

Applications · Statistics 2025-03-28 Chenyu Ren , Daihai He , Jian Huang

Protein interactions are important in a broad range of biological processes. Traditionally, computational methods have been developed to automatically predict protein interface from hand-crafted features. Recent approaches employ deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-21 Yi Liu , Hao Yuan , Lei Cai , Shuiwang Ji

Protein language models (pLMs) have emerged as powerful predictors of protein structure and function. However, the computational circuits underlying their predictions remain poorly understood. Recent mechanistic interpretability methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Darin Tsui , Kunal Talreja , Daniel Saeedi , Amirali Aghazadeh

Large Language Models (LLMs) represent a class of deep learning models adept at understanding natural language and generating coherent responses to various prompts or queries. These models far exceed the complexity of conventional neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Minghao Shao , Abdul Basit , Ramesh Karri , Muhammad Shafique

When we speak, write or listen, we continuously make predictions based on our knowledge of a language's grammar. Remarkably, children acquire this grammatical knowledge within just a few years, enabling them to understand and generalise to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Jaap Jumelet