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Every language recognized by a non-deterministic finite automaton can be recognized by a deterministic automaton, at the cost of a potential increase of the number of states, which in the worst case can go from $n$ states to $2^n$ states.…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Arnaud Carayol , Philippe Duchon , Florent Koechlin , Cyril Nicaud

We introduce a subclass of the commutative regular languages that is characterized by the property that the state set of the minimal deterministic automaton can be written as a certain Cartesian product. This class behaves much better with…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Stefan Hoffmann

In this work we construct an automaton for the commutative closure of a given regular group language. The number of states of the resulting automaton is bounded by the number of states of the original automaton, raised to the power of the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-08-14 Stefan Hoffmann

We consider the state complexity of basic operations on tree languages recognized by deterministic unranked tree automata. For the operations of union and intersection the upper and lower bounds of both weakly and strongly deterministic…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2010-08-11 Xiaoxue Piao , Kai Salomaa

The row projection (resp., column projection) of a two-dimensional language $L$ is the one-dimensional language consisting of all first rows (resp., first columns) of each two-dimensional word in $L$. The operation of row projection has…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-09-02 Taylor J. Smith , Kai Salomaa

In this work we study a non-linear generalization based on affine transformations of probabilistic and quantum automata proposed recently by D\'iaz-Caro and Yakary{\i}lmaz \cite{DCY16A} referred as affine automata. First, we present…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2017-11-15 Marcos Villagra , Abuzer Yakaryılmaz

We investigate the accepting state complexity of deterministic finite automata for regular languages obtained by applying one of the following operations to languages accepted by permutation automata: union, quotient, complement,…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-09-01 Christian Rauch , Markus Holzer

This paper establishes a lower bound on the number of states necessary in the worst case to simulate an $n$-state two-way nondeterministic finite automaton (2NFA) by a one-way unambiguous finite automaton (UFA). It is proved that for every…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Semyon Petrov , Alexander Okhotin

The state complexity, respectively, nondeterministic state complexity of a regular language $L$ is the number of states of the minimal deterministic, respectively, of a minimal nondeterministic finite automaton for $L$. Some of the most…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Arto Salomaa , Kai Salomaa , Taylor J. Smith

Previously, self-verifying symmetric difference automata were defined and a tight bound of 2^n-1-1 was shown for state complexity in the unary case. We now consider the non-unary case and show that, for every n at least 2, there is a…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2017-08-23 Laurette Marais , Lynette van Zijl

We describe a uniform construction for converting $\omega$-automata with arbitrary acceptance conditions (based on the notion of infinity sets i.e. the set of states visited infinitely often in a run of the automaton) to equivalent…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2015-03-17 Hrishikesh Karmarkar , Supratik Chakraborty

Deterministic and nondeterministic finite automata with translucent letters were introduced by Nagy and Otto more than a decade ago as Cooperative Distributed systems of a kind of stateless restarting automata with window size one. These…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-09-07 Benedek Nagy

We present a language $L_n$ which is recognizable by a probabilistic finite automaton (PFA) with probability $1 - \epsilon$ for all $\epsilon > 0$ with $O(log^2n)$ states, with a deterministic finite automaton (DFA) with O(n) states, but a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Gatis Midrijanis

It is known that 2-state binary and 3-state unary probabilistic finite automata and 2-state unary quantum finite automata recognize uncountably many languages with cutpoints. These results have been obtained by associating each recognized…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Aleksejs Naumovs , Maksims Dimitrijevs , Abuzer Yakaryılmaz

A regular language $L$ is union-free if it can be represented by a regular expression without the union operation. A union-free language is deterministic if it can be accepted by a deterministic one-cycle-free-path finite automaton; this is…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2018-01-04 Janusz A. Brzozowski , Sylvie Davies

We study the complexity of basic regular operations on languages represented by incomplete deterministic or nondeterministic automata, in which all states are final. Such languages are known to be prefix-closed. We get tight bounds on both…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2014-05-23 Kristína Čevorová , Galina Jirásková , Peter Mlynárčik , Matúš Palmovský , Juraj Šebej

Automaton models are often seen as interpretable models. Interpretability itself is not well defined: it remains unclear what interpretability means without first explicitly specifying objectives or desired attributes. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-11-28 Christian Albert Hammerschmidt , Sicco Verwer , Qin Lin , Radu State

We investigate the shuffle operation on regular languages represented by complete deterministic finite automata. We prove that $f(m,n)=2^{mn-1} + 2^{(m-1)(n-1)}(2^{m-1}-1)(2^{n-1}-1)$ is an upper bound on the state complexity of the shuffle…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2016-07-18 Janusz Brzozowski , Galina Jirásková , Bo Liu , Aayush Rajasekaran , Marek Szykuła

For any synchronizing $n$-state deterministic automaton, \v{C}ern\'{y} conjectures the existence of a synchronizing word of length at most $(n-1)^2$. We prove that there exists a synchronizing word of length at most $2n^2 - 7n + 7$ for…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Yinfeng Zhu

A deterministic finite automaton in which every non-empty set of states occurs as the image of the whole state set under the action of a suitable input word is called completely reachable. It was conjectured that in each completely…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-20 David Casas , Mikhail V. Volkov
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