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Principal component analysis (PCA) is a popular dimension reduction technique for vector data. Factored PCA (FPCA) is a probabilistic extension of PCA for matrix data, which can substantially reduce the number of parameters in PCA while…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-12-19 Xuan Ma , Jianhua Zhao , Yue Wang

Principal component analysis (PCA) is arguably the most popular tool in multivariate exploratory data analysis. In this paper, we consider the question of how to handle heterogeneous variables that include continuous, binary, and ordinal.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-08-24 Clifford Anderson-Bergman , Tamara G. Kolda , Kina Kincher-Winoto

Many applications, such as photon-limited imaging and genomics, involve large datasets with noisy entries from exponential family distributions. It is of interest to estimate the covariance structure and principal components of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-03-08 Lydia T. Liu , Edgar Dobriban , Amit Singer

Principal component analysis (PCA) is one of the most popular dimension reduction techniques in statistics and is especially powerful when a multivariate distribution is concentrated near a lower-dimensional subspace. Multivariate extreme…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-15 Felix Reinbott , Anja Janßen

We present a technique to perform dimensionality reduction on data that is subject to uncertainty. Our method is a generalization of traditional principal component analysis (PCA) to multivariate probability distributions. In comparison to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-14 Jochen Görtler , Thilo Spinner , Dirk Streeb , Daniel Weiskopf , Oliver Deussen

Functional principal component analysis (FPCA) has been widely used to capture major modes of variation and reduce dimensions in functional data analysis. However, standard FPCA based on the sample covariance estimator does not work well in…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-01-19 Guangxing Wang , Sisheng Liu , Fang Han , Chongzhi Di

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a classical and widely used method for dimensionality reduction, with applications in data compression, computer vision, pattern recognition, and signal processing. However, PCA is designed for…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-01 Wenhui Wu , Changchun Shang , Jianhua Zhao , Xuan Ma , Yue Wang

Functional principal component analysis (FPCA) is an important technique for dimension reduction in functional data analysis (FDA). Classical FPCA method is based on the Karhunen-Lo\`{e}ve expansion, which assumes a linear structure of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-06-27 Rou Zhong , Chunming Zhang , Jingxiao Zhang

Robust Principal Component Analysis (RPCA) is a widely used method for recovering low-rank structure from data matrices corrupted by significant and sparse outliers. These corruptions may arise from occlusions, malicious tampering, or other…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-10-31 Xiaojun Zheng , Simon Mak , Liyan Xie , Yao Xie

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a fundamental data preprocessing tool in the world of machine learning. While PCA is often thought of as a dimensionality reduction method, the purpose of PCA is actually two-fold: dimension reduction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-25 Arpita Gang , Waheed U. Bajwa

Probabilistic principal component analysis (PPCA) is a probabilistic reformulation of principal component analysis (PCA), under the framework of a Gaussian latent variable model. To improve the robustness of PPCA, it has been proposed to…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-11-28 Yiping Guo , Howard D. Bondell

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a very successful dimensionality reduction technique, widely used in predictive modeling. A key factor in its widespread use in this domain is the fact that the projection of a dataset onto its first…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-05-19 Xianghui Luo , Robert J. Durrant

Functional Principal Components Analysis (FPCA) is a widely used analytic tool for dimension reduction of functional data. Traditional implementations of FPCA estimate the principal components from the data, then treat these estimates as…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-03 Joseph Sartini , Xinkai Zhou , Liz Selvin , Scott Zeger , Ciprian Crainiceanu

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a widely used method for data processing, such as for dimension reduction and visualization. Standard PCA is known to be sensitive to outliers, and thus, various robust PCA methods have been proposed.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-08-11 Keishi Sando , Hideitsu Hino

Exponential family extensions of principal component analysis (EPCA) have received a considerable amount of attention in recent years, demonstrating the growing need for basic modeling tools that do not assume the squared loss or Gaussian…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-03-19 Arto Klami , Seppo Virtanen , Samuel Kaski

Functional principal component analysis (FPCA) is a fundamental tool and has attracted increasing attention in recent decades, while existing methods are restricted to data with a single or finite number of random functions (much smaller…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-01-22 Xiaoyu Hu , Fang Yao

Principal component analysis (PCA) is often used for analyzing data in the most diverse areas. In this work, we report an integrated approach to several theoretical and practical aspects of PCA. We start by providing, in an intuitive and…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2021-06-09 Felipe L. Gewers , Gustavo R. Ferreira , Henrique F. de Arruda , Filipi N. Silva , Cesar H. Comin , Diego R. Amancio , Luciano da F. Costa

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a popular tool for dimensionality reduction and feature extraction in data analysis. There is a probabilistic version of PCA, known as Probabilistic PCA (PPCA). However, standard PCA and PPCA are not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-16 Bowen Zhao , Xi Xiao , Wanpeng Zhang , Bin Zhang , Shutao Xia

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a well-established tool in machine learning and data processing. The principal axes in PCA were shown to be equivalent to the maximum marginal likelihood estimator of the factor loading matrix in a…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-10-25 Mengyang Gu , Weining Shen

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a transform for finding the principal components (PCs) that represent features of random data. PCA also provides a reconstruction of the PCs to the original data. We consider an extension of PCA which…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-11-05 Pablo Soto-Quiros , Anatoli Torokhti
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