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Hate speech is increasingly prevalent online, and its negative outcomes include increased prejudice, extremism, and even offline hate crime. Automatic detection of online hate speech can help us to better understand these impacts. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-10 John D Gallacher

Automated scoring engines are increasingly being used to score the free-form text responses that students give to questions. Such engines are not designed to appropriately deal with responses that a human reader would find alarming such as…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-09-25 Christopher M. Ormerod , Amy E. Harris

Technologies for abusive language detection are being developed and applied with little consideration of their potential biases. We examine racial bias in five different sets of Twitter data annotated for hate speech and abusive language.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-05-30 Thomas Davidson , Debasmita Bhattacharya , Ingmar Weber

Online social media has become increasingly popular in recent years due to its ease of access and ability to connect with others. One of social media's main draws is its anonymity, allowing users to share their thoughts and opinions without…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-12 Vigneshwaran Shankaran , Rajesh Sharma

Toxic online speech has become a crucial problem nowadays due to an exponential increase in the use of internet by people from different cultures and educational backgrounds. Differentiating if a text message belongs to hate speech and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Bencheng Wei , Jason Li , Ajay Gupta , Hafiza Umair , Atsu Vovor , Natalie Durzynski

With the increasing growth of social media, people have started relying heavily on the information shared therein to form opinions and make decisions. While such a reliance is motivation for a variety of parties to promote information, it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-12-17 Rahul Radhakrishnan Iyer , Katia Sycara

In the wake of a polarizing election, the cyber world is laden with hate speech. Context accompanying a hate speech text is useful for identifying hate speech, which however has been largely overlooked in existing datasets and hate speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-23 Lei Gao , Ruihong Huang

Identifying misogyny using artificial intelligence is a form of combating online toxicity against women. However, the subjective nature of interpreting misogyny poses a significant challenge to model the phenomenon. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Jason Angel , Segun Taofeek Aroyehun , Grigori Sidorov , Alexander Gelbukh

Hate speech detection is a common downstream application of natural language processing (NLP) in the real world. In spite of the increasing accuracy, current data-driven approaches could easily learn biases from the imbalanced data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-22 Yi Cai , Arthur Zimek , Gerhard Wunder , Eirini Ntoutsi

A large proportion of online comments present on public domains are constructive, however a significant proportion are toxic in nature. The comments contain lot of typos which increases the number of features manifold, making the ML model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-31 Fahim Mohammad

Artificial intelligence (AI)-powered recommender systems play a crucial role in determining the content that users are exposed to on social media platforms. However, the behavioural patterns of these systems are often opaque, complicating…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2023-09-20 Giulio Corsi

Fine-tuned language models have been shown to exhibit biases against protected groups in a host of modeling tasks such as text classification and coreference resolution. Previous works focus on detecting these biases, reducing bias in data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Xisen Jin , Francesco Barbieri , Brendan Kennedy , Aida Mostafazadeh Davani , Leonardo Neves , Xiang Ren

When reading news articles on social networking services and news sites, readers can view comments marked by other people on these articles. By reading these comments, a reader can understand the public opinion about the news, and it is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-27 Teruki Nakahara , Taketoshi Ushiama

Over the years, the number of users of social media has increased drastically. People frequently share their thoughts through social platforms, and this leads to an increase in hate content. In this virtual community, individuals share…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Tonmoy Roy , Md Robiul Islam , Asif Ahammad Miazee , Anika Antara , Al Amin , Sunjim Hossain

Large Language Models (LLMs) often exhibit systematic errors on specific subsets of data, known as error slices. For instance, a slice can correspond to a certain demographic, where a model does poorly in identifying toxic comments…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Minhui Zhang , Prahar Ijner , Yoav Wald , Elliot Creager

In recent years, fake news detection has received increasing attention in public debate and scientific research. Despite advances in detection techniques, the production and spread of false information have become more sophisticated, driven…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Pietro Dell'Oglio , Alessandro Bondielli , Francesco Marcelloni , Lucia C. Passaro

The creation of benchmarks to evaluate the safety of Large Language Models is one of the key activities within the trusted AI community. These benchmarks allow models to be compared for different aspects of safety such as toxicity, bias,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Lina Berrayana , Sean Rooney , Luis Garcés-Erice , Ioana Giurgiu

With increasing popularity of social media platforms hate speech is emerging as a major concern, where it expresses abusive speech that targets specific group characteristics, such as gender, religion or ethnicity to spread violence.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-10 Gaurav Rajput , Narinder Singh punn , Sanjay Kumar Sonbhadra , Sonali Agarwal

In the age of social media and generative AI, the ability to automatically assess the credibility of online content has become increasingly critical, complementing traditional approaches to false information detection. Credibility…

Large language models (LLMs) excel in many diverse applications beyond language generation, e.g., translation, summarization, and sentiment analysis. One intriguing application is in text classification. This becomes pertinent in the realm…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Tharindu Kumarage , Amrita Bhattacharjee , Joshua Garland