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We present convincing empirical evidence for an effective and general strategy for building accurate small models. Such models are attractive for interpretability and also find use in resource-constrained environments. The strategy is to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Abhishek Ghose

While shallow decision trees may be interpretable, larger ensemble models like gradient-boosted trees, which often set the state of the art in machine learning problems involving tabular data, still remain black box models. As a remedy, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Maximilian Muschalik , Fabian Fumagalli , Barbara Hammer , Eyke Hüllermeier

Random forests are a machine learning method used to automatically classify datasets and consist of a multitude of decision trees. While these random forests often have higher performance and generalize better than a single decision tree,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Max Sondag , Christofer Meinecke , Dennis Collaris , Tatiana von Landesberger , Stef van den Elzen

Decision trees are widely used for interpretable machine learning due to their clearly structured reasoning process. However, this structure belies a challenge we refer to as predictive equivalence: a given tree's decision boundary can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Hayden McTavish , Zachery Boner , Jon Donnelly , Margo Seltzer , Cynthia Rudin

Random Forest (Breiman, 2001) is a successful and widely used regression and classification algorithm. Part of its appeal and reason for its versatility is its (implicit) construction of a kernel-type weighting function on training data,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-10-13 Domagoj Ćevid , Loris Michel , Jeffrey Näf , Nicolai Meinshausen , Peter Bühlmann

Feature selection is one of the most relevant processes in any methodology for creating a statistical learning model. Usually, existing algorithms establish some criterion to select the most influential variables, discarding those that do…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-05-10 Carlos Sebastián , Carlos E. González-Guillén

Variable selection poses a significant challenge in causal modeling, particularly within the social sciences, where constructs often rely on inter-related factors such as age, socioeconomic status, gender, and race. Indeed, it has been…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-18 Jingzhou Huang , Jiuyao Lu , Alexander Williams Tolbert

We characterize and study variable importance (VIMP) and pairwise variable associations in binary regression trees. A key component involves the node mean squared error for a quantity we refer to as a maximal subtree. The theory naturally…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2009-09-29 Hemant Ishwaran

Random Forest (RF) is a widely used ensemble learning technique known for its robust classification performance across diverse domains. However, it often relies on hundreds of trees and all input features, leading to high inference cost and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Sijan Bhattarai , Saurav Bhandari , Girija Bhusal , Saroj Shakya , Tapendra Pandey

Random forest is effective for prediction tasks but the randomness of tree generation hinders interpretability in feature importance analysis. To address this, we proposed DT-Sampler, a SAT-based method for measuring feature importance in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-26 Chao Huang , Diptesh Das , Koji Tsuda

eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is a sub-field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that is at the forefront of AI research. In XAI, feature attribution methods produce explanations in the form of feature importance. People often use…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-02-09 Jamie Duell , Monika Seisenberger , Gert Aarts , Shangming Zhou , Xiuyi Fan

Decision Trees and Random Forests are among the most widely used machine learning models, and often achieve state-of-the-art performance in tabular, domain-agnostic datasets. Nonetheless, being primarily discriminative models they lack…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-07-14 Alvaro H. C. Correia , Robert Peharz , Cassio de Campos

We attempt to give a unifying view of the various recent attempts to (i) improve the interpretability of tree-based models and (ii) debias the the default variable-importance measure in random Forests, Gini importance. In particular, we…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-10-01 Markus Loecher

The selection of grouped variables using the random forest algorithm is considered. First a new importance measure adapted for groups of variables is proposed. Theoretical insights into this criterion are given for additive regression…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-05-20 Baptiste Gregorutti , Bertrand Michel , Philippe Saint-Pierre

Feature attribution is a fundamental task in both machine learning and data analysis, which involves determining the contribution of individual features or variables to a model's output. This process helps identify the most important…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Jinfeng Zhong , Elsa Negre

The most fundamental problem in statistical causality is determining causal relationships from limited data. Probability trees, which combine prior causal structures with Bayesian updates, have been suggested as a possible solution. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-19 Tue Herlau

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a critical global health concern, demanding reliable and interpretable predictive models for early risk assessment. This study presents a large-scale analysis using the Heart Disease Health Indicators…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Md Abrar Hasnat , Md Jobayer , Md. Mehedi Hasan Shawon , Md. Golam Rabiul Alam

Tree ensemble methods such as random forests [Breiman, 2001] are very popular to handle high-dimensional tabular data sets, notably because of their good predictive accuracy. However, when machine learning is used for decision-making…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-12-28 Erwan Scornet

We demonstrate that adaptively controlling the size of individual regression trees in a random forest can improve predictive performance, contrary to the conventional wisdom that trees should be fully grown. A fast pruning algorithm,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-08-15 Nikola Surjanovic , Andrew Henrey , Thomas M. Loughin

A core step of every algorithm for learning regression trees is the selection of the best splitting variable from the available covariates and the corresponding split point. Early tree algorithms (e.g., AID, CART) employed greedy search…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-06-26 Lisa Schlosser , Torsten Hothorn , Achim Zeileis